serine synthesis

CBR-5884 是一种磷酸甘油酸脱氢酶抑制剂，IC50为 33 μM。 它抑制癌细胞中的丝氨酸合成，选择性地抑制黑素瘤和乳腺癌细胞系的增殖，对具有高丝氨酸生物合成活性的癌细胞系有选择性毒性。

Lometrexol (LY 264618) 是一种抗嘌呤类抗叶酸 (Antifolate) 药，可抑制甘氨酰胺核糖核苷酸甲酰基转移酶 (GARFT) 的活性，但不会引起可检测水平的 DNA 链断裂。Lometrexol 可以进一步抑制嘌呤从头合成，导致异常的细胞增殖，凋亡 (Apoptosis) 和细胞周期停滞。Lometrexol 具有抗癌活性。Lometrexol 还是一种有效的人丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶 1 2 (hSHMT1 2) 抑制剂。

PF 429242 是甾醇调节元件结合蛋白 (SREBP) 位点 1 蛋白酶的竞争性抑制剂 (IC50 = 0.175 μM)。它对位点 1 蛋白酶对一组丝氨酸蛋白酶具有选择性。 PF-429242 抑制 CHO 细胞中胆固醇的合成速率 (IC50 = 0.53 μM)。

D,L-Cystathionine dihydrochloride is an intermediate in the synthesis of cysteine, which acts from the isotype of cysteine-β-synthase (CBS) produced by leucine and serine. Derived from cysteine. DL-cysteine contains a cysteine (βC-S) carbon-sulfur bond.

SHMT-IN-4（化合物9ay）是一种针对丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶(SHMT1)的除草剂，IC50值为193.8 g a.i. ha。该化合物通过与SHMT1结合，干扰植物体内的氨基酸合成及代谢，进而抑制植物生长。此外，SHMT-IN-4对玉米和蜜蜂并无显著毒性。

ALT-007 为一种口服有效的丝氨酸棕榈酰转移酶 (SPT) 抑制剂，是调控神经酰胺从头合成的关键限速酶。在年龄相关性肌肉减少症的小鼠模型中，该化合物能够有效恢复因年龄增长导致的肌肉质量和功能减退。ALT-007 可在秀丽隐杆线虫及与衰老和年龄相关疾病的小鼠模型中增强蛋白质稳态，展现神经酰胺抑制剂的特性。

CAY10748 is an agonist of stimulator of interferon genes (STING; IC50= 0.3794 μM in a competition binding assay).1It activates STING in STING-expressing, but not STING knockout, THP-1 cells (EC50s = 0.287 and >100 μM, respectively, in a reporter assay). It induces phosphorylation of STING at the serine in position 366, as well as phosphorylation of TBK1 and IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), indicating activation of the STING-TBK1-IRF3 signaling pathway. CAY10748 increases the secretion of IFN-β and the levels of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10), and IL-6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) when used at a concentration of 10 μM. It also reduces tumor growth in a CT26 murine colon cancer model when administered at a dose of 0.15, but not 1.5, mg/kg. 1.Xi, Q., Wang, M., Jia, W., et al.Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of amidobenzimidazole derivatives as stimulator of interferon genes (STING) receptor agonistsJ. Med. Chem.63(1)260-282(2019)

1-Deoxysphingosine (m18:1(4E)) is an atypical sphingolipid that contains a double bond at the 4E native position and is formed when serine palmitoyltransferase condenses palmitoyl-CoA with alanine instead of serine during sphingolipid synthesis.1,2 Plasma levels of 1-deoxysphingosine (m18:1(4E)) are increased in patients with chronic idiopathic axonal neuropathy (CIAP) and diabetic distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN).3 |1. Steiner, R., Saied, E.M., Othman, A., et al. Elucidating the chemical structure of native 1-deoxysphingosine. J. Lipid Res. 57(7), 1194-1203 (2016).|2. Alecu, I., Othman, A., Penno, A., et al. Cytotoxic 1-deoxysphingolipids are metabolized by a cytochrome P450-dependent pathway. J. Lipid Res. 58(1), 60-71 (2017).|3. Hube, L., Dohrn, M.F., Karsai, G., et al. Metabolic syndrome, neurotoxic 1-deoxysphingolipids and nervous tissue inflammation in chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy (CIAP). PLoS One 12(1):e0170583, (2017).

C22 dihydro 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:0 22:0) is a very long-chain atypical ceramide containing a 1-deoxysphinganine backbone. 1-Deoxysphingolipids are formed when serine palmitoyltransferase condenses palmitoyl-CoA with alanine instead of serine during sphingolipid synthesis.1,2 C22 dihydro 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:0 22:0) has been found in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) following application of 1-deoxysphinganine alkyne or 1-deoxysphinganine-d3.3 It has also been found as the most prevalent dihydro deoxyceramide species in mouse brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve at one, three, and six months of age.4 |1. Steiner, R., Saied, E.M., Othman, A., et al. Elucidating the chemical structure of native 1-deoxysphingosine. J. Lipid Res. 57(7), 1194-1203 (2016).|2. Alecu, I., Othman, A., Penno, A., et al. Cytotoxic 1-deoxysphingolipids are metabolized by a cytochrome P450-dependent pathway. J. Lipid Res. 58(1), 60-71 (2017).|3. Alecu, I., Tedeschi, A., Behler, N., et al. Localization of 1-deoxysphingolipids to mitochondria induces mitochondrial dysfunction. J. Lipid. Res. 58(1), 42-59 (2017).|4. Schwartz, N.U., Mileva, I., Gurevich, M., et al. Quantifying 1-deoxydihydroceramides and 1-deoxyceramides in mouse nervous system tissue. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 141, 40-48 (2019).

C24 dihydro 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:0 24:0) is a very long-chain atypical ceramide containing a 1-deoxysphinganine backbone. 1-Deoxysphingolipids are formed when serine palmitoyltransferase condenses palmitoyl-CoA with alanine instead of serine during sphingolipid synthesis.1,2 C24 dihydro 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:0 24:0) has been found in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) following application of 1-deoxysphinganine alkyne or 1-deoxysphinganine-d3.3 It has also been found in mouse brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve at one, three, and six months of age.4 |1. Steiner, R., Saied, E.M., Othman, A., et al. Elucidating the chemical structure of native 1-deoxysphingosine. J. Lipid Res. 57(7), 1194-1203 (2016).|2. Alecu, I., Othman, A., Penno, A., et al. Cytotoxic 1-deoxysphingolipids are metabolized by a cytochrome P450-dependent pathway. J. Lipid Res. 58(1), 60-71 (2017).|3. Alecu, I., Tedeschi, A., Behler, N., et al. Localization of 1-deoxysphingolipids to mitochondria induces mitochondrial dysfunction. J. Lipid. Res. 58(1), 42-59 (2017).|4. Schwartz, N.U., Mileva, I., Gurevich, M., et al. Quantifying 1-deoxydihydroceramides and 1-deoxyceramides in mouse nervous system tissue. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 141, 40-48 (2019).

Lometrexol hydrate (DDATHF hydrate) 是一种抗嘌呤类抗叶酸 (antifolate) 药，可抑制甘氨酰胺核糖核苷酸甲酰基转移酶 (GARFT) 的活性，但不会诱导可检测水平的 DNA 链断裂。Lometrexol hydrate 可以进一步抑制嘌呤从头合成，引起异常的细胞增殖和凋亡，甚至细胞周期停滞。Lometrexol hydrate 具有抗癌活性。Lometrexol hydrate 还是一种有效的人丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶 1/2 (hSHMT1/2) 抑制剂。

PHGDH-IN-2 是一种 NAD+竞争性 PHGDH 的有效抑制剂 (IC50: 5.2 μM)。PHGDH-IN-2 对 PHGDH 依赖性癌细胞的生长表现出抑制效果，并可以抑制 MDA-MB-468 细胞中的丝氨酸合成途径。

Lometrexol (DDATHF) disodium 是人丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶 1 2 (hSHMT1 2) 的有效抑制剂，也是抗嘌呤类抗叶酸 (antifolate) 药，能够降低甘氨酰胺核糖核苷酸甲酰基转移酶 (GARFT) 的活性，但不引起可检测水平的 DNA 链断裂。Lometrexol disodium 对嘌呤从头合成具有抑制作用，可造成异常的细胞增殖，凋亡 (apoptosis) 和细胞周期停滞，表现出抗癌效果。

Nicotinamide-d4 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of nicotinamide by GC- or LC-MS. Nicotinamide is an amide form of niacin, which is also known as vitamin B3, that can be biosynthesized in vivo or obtained through the diet. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the metabolic cofactor NAD+ and an inhibitor of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1; IC50 = <50 µM). Nicotinamide (10 µM) increases the activity of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) and the biosynthesis of ceramide, glucosylceramide, sphingomyelin, free fatty acids, and cholesterol in primary human keratinocytes. Nicotinamide (40 µM) induces apoptosis in SNU-398, SNU-739, and HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, and it prevents the formation of neoplastic lesions in a diethylnitrosamine-induced mouse model of HCC. Unlike niacin, nicotinamide does not reduce plasma lipid levels or induce flushing.

ARN 14494 is a potent serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor (SPT; IC50 = 27.3 nM). ARN 14494 inhibits synthesis of long chain ceramides and dihydroceramides in an in vitro model of Alzheimer's diease. The compound prevents the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and the oxidative stress-related enzymes iNOS and COX-2 in mouse primary cortical astrocytes. ARN 14494 is neuroprotective against β-amyloid 1-42 induced neurotoxicity in primary cortical neurons co-cultured with astrocytes.

3-Keto Sphinganine (d12:0) is a short-chain analog of 3-keto sphinganine (d18:0), which typically possesses a C18 chain length. The latter is a lyso-sphingolipid synthesized through the condensation of L-serine and palmitoyl-CoA mediated by the enzyme serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT). A deficiency in Vitamin K deactivates SPT, leading to a reduced synthesis of 3-keto sphinganine among other sphingolipids. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1893]