impairments

Escitalopram (Seroplex) 是一种外消旋 Citalopram 的 S-对映体，是一种选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂，Ki=0.89 nM，比 R(-)-enantiomer 结合亲和力高 30 倍。它对多巴胺转运体和去甲肾上腺素转运体均有选择性，是一种研究抑郁症的抗抑郁药。

Escitalopram Oxalate ((S)-(+)Citalopram oxalate) 是一种外消旋 Citalopram 的 S-对映体，是一种选择性 5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂，Ki=0.89 nM，比 R(-)-enantiomer 结合亲和力高 30 倍。它对多巴胺转运体和去甲肾上腺素转运体均有选择性，是一种研究抑郁症的抗抑郁药。

7BIO 是靛玉红的衍生物，抑制细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶5 和糖原合酶激酶-3β。它抑制 Aβ 寡聚体诱导的神经炎症、突触损伤、tau 过度磷酸化、星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的活化，并减轻 Aβ 寡聚体诱导的小鼠认知障碍。

AQW051 (VQW-765)是一种口服活性alpha -7烟碱乙酰胆碱受体(α7-nAChR)特异性激活剂，与重组人alpha7-nAChR 表达相互作用(pKD 值7.56)。alpha7-nAChR 被认为是治疗与神经障碍相关的认知障碍的一个有吸引力的靶点，因此VQW-051经常用于焦虑障碍和急性焦虑的研究

Oxiracetam (ISF2522) 是一种 γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA) 的环状衍生物，可用于治疗认知障碍。

Bay 60-7550 是一种具有选择性和高效性的 PDE2 抑制剂（Ki：3.8 nM），通过增加 PKA 介导的磷酸化来发挥大鼠心脏的正性肌力作用，可用于改善认知障碍和记忆障碍。

Brilaroxazine (RP5063) 是一种有效的多模式多巴胺 5-HT 调节剂。 Brilaroxazine 是多巴胺 D2、D3 和 D4 受体、5-HT1A (Ki = 1.5 nM) 和 5-HT2A (Ki = 2.5 nM) 的部分激动剂，具有拮抗活性 5-HT2B 和 5-HT7 受体，Ki 分别为 0.19 nM 和 2.7 nM。 Brilaroxazine 可用于研究神经精神和神经系统疾病的认知障碍。

PH-002 是一种抑制载脂蛋白 E4 神经内分子相互作用的抑制剂(IC50:116 nM)。

H3R antagonist 4（compound 11l）作为一种胆碱酯酶与组胺 H3 受体（H3R）的双重抑制剂，展示出对eeAChE的 IC50 值为7.04 μM，对hAChE的 IC50 值为9.73 μM（可逆），及对H3R的 IC50 值为1.09 nM。此外，该化合物在抑制自身及Cu2+诱导的Aβ1-42聚集方面表现出色（抑制率分别为95.48%和88.63%），也能有效降解由自身及Cu2+诱导的Aβ1-42原纤维（降解率分别为80.16%和89.30%）。H3R antagonist 4 具有螯合多种生物金属如Cu2+、Zn2+、Al3+和Fe2+的能力，并显著降低Aβ1-42诱导的tau蛋白过度磷酸化。它还能抑制RSL-3诱导的PC12细胞凋亡和铁死亡。在 hCMEC D3 和 hPepT1-MDCK 细胞中显示出优秀的血脑屏障通透性和肠道吸收特性。在改善东莨菪碱诱导的阿尔茨海默病小鼠模型的学习与记忆障碍方面，H3R antagonist 4 亦显示出潜力。

CL-13, 作为一种丁基胆碱酯酶 (BChE) 抑制剂，其IC50值达到1.15 μM，并具有针对乙酰胆碱酯酶的高选择性，选择性指数(SI)为9.2。在SH-SY5Y细胞中，CL-13展现了显著的抗氧化活性（DPPHEC50= 47.01 μM），能够螯合参与Aβ聚集及 或氧化应激的金属，且在50 μM浓度下不表现出神经毒性。此外，CL-13能有效逆转由东莨菪碱引发的认知障碍，同时不影响小鼠的运动能力。

Cinoxopazide被称为能够用于提升正常人群的智力效率，维护老年人的脑功能，并治疗因警觉性和 或记忆能力障碍引起的问题。此化合物应用于促进认知功能，有助于老年用户保持大脑健康，同时对正常成年人的智力激发也有益处。

AUT2是一种Kv3.1通道调节剂，具有治疗FXS患者感觉过敏的潜力，通过将高阈值电流的激活转移到更负的电位上。此转变降低了高阈值K+电流，并增加了神经元中的低阈值K+电流，恢复了ABR的IV波。由于其调节神经元兴奋试活性的能力，AUT2还有望用于治疗听力障碍。

AChE BChE-IN-25 (Compound 6e) 是一种口服有效的hAChE和eqBChE抑制剂，其IC50分别为7.9 nM和0.79 nM。AChE BChE-IN-25 具有抗氧化活性，能够清除自由基，IC50为22.91 μM。此化合物通过降低果蝇阿尔茨海默症模型中的线粒体和细胞氧化应激体现神经保护作用，并能改善小鼠模型中Scopolamine引起的空间和认知记忆障碍。

Ro4368554 是一种选择性5-HT6拮抗剂，能够穿透血脑屏障，并逆转由于东莨菪碱和色氨酸耗竭导致的记忆缺陷。Ro4368554 可用于研究与记忆缺陷相关的问题。

AF267 is a M1 muscarinic agonist that works by restoring cognitive impairments.

OAB-14 是一种 Bexarotene 衍生物，通过清除 APP PS1 转基因小鼠的 β-淀粉样蛋白，改善其阿尔茨海默病相关的病理学和认知障碍。OAB-14 可有效改善 APP PS1 转基因小鼠内体自噬溶酶体（EAL）途径的功能障碍。

SAR502250 is a potent, selective, ATP competitive, orally active and brain-penetrant inhibitor of GSK3, with an IC50 of 12 nM for human GSK-3β. SAR502250 displays antidepressant-like activity. SAR502250 can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)[1][2]. SAR502250 (0.01-1 μM; 36 h) attenuates the Aβ25-35-induced cell death in rat embryonic hippocampal neurons[2]. SAR502250 (1-100 mg kg; a single p.o,) attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation in the cortex and spinal cord of transgenic mice expressing P301L tau[2].SAR502250 (10-30 mg kg; p.o. once daily for 7 weeks) improves the cognitive deficit in transgenic APP(SW) Tau(VLW) mice after infusion of Aβ25-35[2].SAR502250 (10-30 mg kg; a single p.o.) significantly increases the percentage of lever-presses in the inter-response time (IRT) bin (49-96 s), with a significant augmentation of the percentage of reinforced responses[2].SAR502250 (30 mg kg; i.p. once daily for 28 d) ameliorates chronic stress-induced degradation of the physical state of the mice coat[2].SAR502250 (10-60 mg kg; a single p.o.) decreases hyperactivity produced by psychostimulantsin mice[2]. [1]. Fukunaga K, et, al. 2-(2-Phenylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones; a new class of potent, selective and orally active glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013 Dec 15;23(24):6933-7.[2]. Griebel G, et, al. The selective GSK3 inhibitor, SAR502250, displays neuroprotective activity and attenuates behavioral impairments in models of neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in rodents. Sci Rep. 2019 Dec 2;9(1):18045.

Deacetylforskolin is a diterpene and a derivative of forskolin that has been found inC. forskohliiand has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4It activates rat adipocyte adenylyl cyclase (IC50= 20 μM) and inhibits glucose transport in rat adipocyte plasma membranes.2Deactylforskolin (30-1,000 μg kg) reduces blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats.3It also attenuates hypercapnia-induced impairments in the passive avoidance response in mice.4 1.Gabetta, B., Zini, G., and Danieli, B.Minor Diterpenoids of Coleus forskohliiPhytochemistry28(3)859-862(1989) 2.Joost, H.G., Habberfield, A.D., Simpson, I.A., et al.Activation of adenylate cyclase and inhibition of glucose transport in rat adipocytes by forskolin analogues: structural determinants for distinct sites of actionMol. Pharmacol.33(4)449-453(1988) 3.Bhat, S.V., Dohadwalla, A.N., Bajwa, B.S., et al.The antihypertensive and positive inotropic diterpene forskolin: Effects of structural modifications on its activityJ. Med. Chem.26(4)486-492(1983) 4.McCulloch, A.J., Thomson, T.A., and Deacon, R.Hypoxic amnesia and its reversal with forskolinBiochem. Soc. Trans.17(1)212-213(1988)

Amyloid-β (25-35) (Aβ (25-35)) is an 11-residue fragment of the Aβ protein that retains the physical and biological characteristics of the full length peptide. It forms fibrils that react to thioflavin T and Congo red and are organized in a cross-β arrangement of β-strands similar to Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42) fibrils. Aggregated Aβ (25-35) decreases the viability of rat adrenal PC12 cells. It also decreases the viability of primary rat cortical neurons at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 30 μM. In vivo, intracerebral injection of Aβ (25-35) (20 nmol) in rats induces lesions of neuronal and tissue loss. Aggregated Aβ (25-35) administered intracerebroventricularly to rats induces learning and memory impairments in the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and contextual fear conditioning tests.

[(3R)-3-Hydroxydodecanoyl]-L-carnitine is an endogenous metabolite[1]. [1]. Hunter WG, et al. Metabolomic Profiling Identifies Novel Circulating Biomarkers of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Differentially Elevated in Heart Failure With Preserved Versus Reduced Ejection Fraction: Evidence for Shared Metabolic Impairments in Clinical Heart Failure. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(8):e003190. Published 2016 Jul 29.

DSR-141562 is a new compound that can be taken orally and has a specific ability to inhibit phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1) in the brain. This compound exhibits a preference for inhibiting human PDE1B, with an IC50 value of 43.9 nM. It also shows moderate inhibition of human PDE1A (IC50 = 97.6 nM) and PDE1C (IC50 = 431.8 nM). DSR-141562 is particularly useful in the study of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia.

HFI-419 is a potent inhibitor of insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) with a K i value of 0.48 μM. It is utilized in research pertaining to cognitive and memory impairments, including Alzheimer's disease, brain trauma, and stroke [1].

BChE-IN-13 (Compound 17c) is an orally active, potent, and selective inhibitor of Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). It exhibits IC50 values of 0.22 μM and 0.016 μM for eqBChE and hBChE, respectively. BChE-IN-13 demonstrates the capability to enhance memory and cognitive impairments, making it valuable for Alzheimer's disease (AD) research [1].

BChE-IN-4 is a highly potent inhibitor of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase, capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. It effectively reduces learning and memory impairments resulting from a deficiency in cholinergic activity in a mouse model. BChE-IN-4 holds promise for further investigation in the field of Alzheimer's disease research [1].