glucose oxidation

SB 452533 是TRPV1的选择性拮抗剂，pKb 为 7.8。

Glymidine sodium 是口服有活性的抗糖尿病药物，也是肝脂肪分解的抑制剂。它通过抑制葡萄糖的形成，也对由于内源性脂质动员抑制而导致的丙酮酸氧化升高具有抑制作用。

ZLY06 是一种口服活性的双重 PPAR δ 和 γ 激动剂（PPAR δ: EC50=341 nM；PPAR γ: EC50=237 nM），有效抑制 AKT1 的磷酸化并促进 CD36 的上调，从而诱导肝脏脂质蓄积。此外，ZLY06 在不增加体重的前提下，能显著改善糖脂代谢，主要通过促进脂肪酸的 β 氧化以及抑制肝脏脂肪生成，从而减轻脂肪肝。

LY 377604作为一种新型的混合型β3-肾上腺素受体激动剂及β1和β2-肾上腺素受体拮抗剂，具有潜在的抗糖尿病和抗肥胖的作用。在啮齿类动物模型中，LY 377604增加了能量消耗和脂肪氧化，降低了血糖，并诱导了保持瘦体重的减重效果。在美国已进行了一项针对肥胖症的II期研究。

UX4O 是一种针对 UDP-葡萄糖脱氢酶（UGDH）的变构抑制剂。UGDH 以六聚体形式存在，负责催化 UDP-葡萄糖转化为 UDP-葡萄糖醛酸。该酶存在活性态（E）和非活性态（EΩ），并且需要结合变构抑制剂 UDP-木糖（UDP-Xyl）以稳定其非活性形态。此外，UX4O 可能也是不合成 UDP-Xyl 的细菌中 UGDH 的生理相关抑制剂。

Trimetazidine, an anti-ischemic (anti-anginal) metabolic agent, could improve myocardial glucose utilization through inhibition of long-chain 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase activity and results in a reduction in fatty acid oxidation and a stimulation of glucose

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α, δ, γ are ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis as well as insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Pharmacologies of PPARδ receptor agonists, though relatively obscure, have recently been reported to elevate high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and lower plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in obese insulin resistant rhesus monkeys. CAY10592 is a full PPARδ agonist (EC50 = 30 nM) in a fatty acid oxidation assay of rat L6 muscle cells with desirable oral pharmacokinetic properties. In a transactivation assay using human PPAR receptors, CAY10592 acts as a selective partial PPARδ agonist (EC50 = 53 nM) with no effect on PPARα or PPARγ activity up to 30 μM. Chronic treatment of high fat fed ApoB100/CETP-transgenic mice with CAY10592 at a dose of 20 mg/kg increases HDL levels, decreases LDL and TG levels, and improves insulin sensitivity.

Dichloroacetate (DCA) is an inhibitor of all pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) isoforms, which are enzymes that phosphorylate and inhibit PDH in mitochondria. Inhibition of PDHK shifts cell metabolism from glycolysis to mitochondrial glucose oxidation, an effect that has relevance to cancer, type 2 diabetes, and other diseases. CAY10703 is a DCA trimer that is at least 10-fold more cytotoxic against leukemia cell lines than DCA. It is approximately 3-fold less cytotoxic than DCA against peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy blood donors. CAY10703 significantly reduces both basal and maximal respiration in leukemia cells. It is stable in vivo after subcutaneous inoculation, remaining in circulation for more than five hours after injection.

9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid, an oxidation derivative of oleic acid, exhibits beneficial effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in KKAy mice.

Tiliroside (Tribuloside) 是糖苷类黄酮，是 α-淀粉酶的非竞争性抑制剂(Ki:84.2 μM)。它抑制胃肠道中碳水化合物的消化和葡萄糖的吸收，具有抗糖尿病作用。

Gliclazide-d4 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of gliclazide by GC- or LC-MS. Gliclazide is a sulfonylurea and an inhibitor of pancreatic β-cell ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. It is selective for pancreatic β-cell over cardiac and arterial smooth muscle cell KATP channels. Gliclazide (5 μM) increases insulin-induced glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the plasma membrane in a differentiated 3T3L1 adipocyte model of insulin resistance induced by hydrogen peroxide. Gliclazide (5 and 10 μg ml) reduces LDL oxidation by human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs), decreasing TBARS content and 8-isoprostane levels. It also decreases oxidized LDL-induced HASMC proliferation and monocyte adhesion when used at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 μg ml. Gliclazide (5 mg kg) reduces serum glucose levels and increases glucose uptake by isolated rat hindquarters in a model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ).

Glucose dehydrogenase (GDH)是一种氧化还原酶，催化β-D-葡萄糖氧化成β-D-葡糖酸-1,5-内酯，同时将辅助因子NADP+还原至NADPH，或以较小程度还原NAD+至NADH。此酶能接收NAD+和NADP+作为辅助因子，适用于NADH与NADPH的再生。

Dityrosine, an oxidation product of protein formed through the intermolecular cross-linking of tyrosyl radicals from the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tyrosine interaction, is associated with decreased hippocampal expression of NMDA receptor subunits Nr1, Nr2a, and Nr2b when administered intragastrically at 320 µg kg per day, leading to memory impairments in mice as evidenced by their performance in a novel object recognition test. Additionally, it raises fasting blood glucose levels while reducing plasma insulin levels and the pancreatic expression of insulin synthesis-related genes Ins2, Pdx1, and MafA. Increased dityrosine levels have been positively linked to a range of diseases, including autism spectrum disorder, cataracts, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, atherosclerosis, and cystic fibrosis.

3-Aminoisobutyric acid, a non-protein amino acid resultant from thymine catabolism, plays a significant role in metabolic activities. At a 5 µM concentration, it triggers browning in primary adipocytes, notably elevating uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and CIDEA expression. Additionally, it boosts PPARα expression in both primary adipocytes and mouse inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT) in vivo, alongside enhancing β-oxidation in hepatocytes. Its plasma levels surge post-exercise in mice, and its administration at 100 mg kg daily curtails weight gain and body fat without diminishing food consumption or hiking energy output, whilst ameliorating glucose tolerance. Notably, 3-aminoisobutyric acid concentrations are heightened in individuals with β-ureidopropionase deficiency, a genetic flaw impairing pyrimidine degradation, affecting plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid.

Ninerafaxstat 可以将细胞代谢从脂肪酸氧化转变为葡萄糖氧化，降低脂肪酸氧化，改善线粒体呼吸。

Ninerafaxstat trihydrochloride 将细胞代谢由脂肪酸氧化转变为葡萄糖氧化。 Ninerafaxstat trihydrochloride 改善整体线粒体呼吸并减少脂肪酸氧化，从而抑制癌细胞的增殖和生长。

4-Oxododecanedioic acid（4-氧代十二烷二酸）是一种含有酮基的有机酸，可用于有机合成和脂肪酸代谢相关研究。其结构类似物dodecanedioic acid的有关研究发现，长链二碳酸的摄入可以增加脂肪酸的β-氧化，降低体脂积累，并改善葡萄糖耐量。

2-Amino-3-carboxy-1,4-naphthoquinone 是电子转移介质，可改变同型发酵乳酸菌的葡萄糖代谢，可作为双歧杆菌生长刺激剂，它通过NAD(P)H 介导的氧化作用影响双歧杆菌的终产物形态。

Selaginellin has a neuroprotective effect against L-glutamate-induced neurotoxicity through mechanisms related to anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis via scavenging reactive oxygen species and up-regulating the expression of klotho gene. Selaginellin shows