creatinine

Creatinine (NSC-13123) 由肌肉中磷酸肌酸分解产生。

APX-115 free base (Ewha-18278 free base) 是口服具有活性的、非选择性的 Nox 抑制剂，对 Nox1，Nox2和 Nox4的 Ki 分别为 1.08 μM，0.57 μM 和 0.63 μM。它能够有效预防糖尿病小鼠的肾损伤。

Creatinine Phosphate Disodium Salt 是一种有用的有机化合物，可用于生命科学领域的相关研究，其产品编号为 T125448。

4-Hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate, a derivative of tryptamine, acts as an agonist for neurotransmitters.

Creatinine-D3 is a deuterium-labeled Creatinine which is a break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle.

5-Hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate monohydrate (Serotonin creatinine sulfate monohydrate) 是内源性代谢产物的一种。

Creatinine-d5 是 Creatinine 的氘代化合物。Creatinine 的 CAS 号为 60-27-5。Creatinine 由肌肉中磷酸肌酸分解产生。

α,α,β,β-d4-Serotonin-Creatinine Sulfate Complex H2O 是 α,α,β,β-Serotonin-Creatinine Sulfate Complex H2O 的氘代化合物。

N-Methylhydantoin (1-Methyl-hydantoin) 是一种小分子量极性物质，是细菌降解肌酐的产物。在哺乳动物中，N-Methylhydantoin 的代谢是通过 5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin 进行的。在一个报告的人类病例中，N-Methylhydantoin 被发现是影响智力的物质dupracetam的代谢物。

BD-AcAc 2 (Ketone Ester) 是一种酮单酯，是口服营养酮的来源。小鼠口服 BD-AcAc 2 后可提高血浆 乙酰乙酸和β-羟基丁酸水平、血液钠离子、血糖水平和血肌酐水平。BD-AcAc 2 可以一定程度预防脓毒症小鼠的肌无力。BD-AcAc 2 显示出提高动物机体耐力和运动能力的潜力。BD-AcAc 2 还可用于研究糖尿病或帕金森病。

HTBA 是一种用于测定尿肌酐的低成本酶促纸基分析试剂 (enz-PAD)。

5-Hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin (HD-003) 是一种可能用于治疗肾衰竭的抗氧化剂。它是肌酐代谢物，是一种羟基自由基清除剂，此前已显示通过抑制大鼠慢性肾病的进展来提供肾脏保护。 它是一种新型抗氧化药物，可完全抑制 B2-激肽受体(B2KR) 对 VSMC 中高葡萄糖 (25 mM) 刺激的反应，并且还显示可减弱 BK 对 VSMC 重塑的影响。它抑制 BK 诱导的 MAPK 磷酸化增加并减弱 VSMC 中结缔组织生长因子 (CTGF) 蛋白水平的增加。这些研究结果表明，它可能通过其抗氧化特性赋予血管保护免受高葡萄糖浓度和 BK 刺激以改善血管损伤和重塑。

Creatine (Methylguanidoacetic acid) 是一种内源性氨基酸代谢物，在细胞能量中发挥重要作用，尤其是在肌肉和大脑中。

1-Methylguanidine hydrochloride 是内源性代谢产物的一种。

Levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro-b-D-Glucose) 是一种无水己糖，是 β -D-葡萄糖的 1,6-无水衍生物。它是由碳水化合物，如淀粉和纤维素的热解形成的。左旋葡聚糖还可用于手性聚合物如不可水解葡萄糖聚合物的合成。左旋葡聚糖也可以通过糖的焦糖化产生。食用焦糖或含焦糖的甜食可导致尿中左旋葡聚糖水平短期增加5倍(从20 μm mM肌酐增加到100 μm mM肌酐)。

NAD Synthetase 是一种关键酶类，主导烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸 (NAD) 的生物合成过程中的最后一步。该酶源自大肠杆菌，针对NAD、ATP和氨的Km值分别为200、11及0.65 μM；而酵母来源的NAD Synthetase，其对应的Km值则为170、190及64 μM。此外，NAD Synthetase 在进行ATP、氨、尿素或肌酐的酶促测定以及酶促循环法中有重要应用。NAD Synthetase 也展现在代谢疾病、癌症、衰老及神经退行性疾病的研究中的潜力。

α-MSCs (α-methylserotonin creatinine sulfate) are neurotransmitters.

Prostaglandin D2 is synthesized by hematopoietic-type PGD-synthase (H-PGDS) in mast cells and is released in large quantities during allergic and asthmatic anaphylaxis. PGD2 is also produced in the brain by lipocalin-PGD-synthase also known as β-trace. In the brain, PGD2 produces normal physiological sleep and lowering of body temperature. Further pharmacological actions include inhibition of platelet aggregation and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. tetranor-PGDM is a major metabolite of PGD2 that is detectable in human and mouse urine. The levels of tetranor-PGDM and 2,3-dinor-11β-PGF2α , a related PGD2 metabolite, in human urine were found to be 1.5 ± 0.3 and 0.6 ± ng mg creatinine, respectively. tetranor-PGDM was detected in murine urine at a level of 8.1 ± 1.3 ng mg creatinine.

N-Acetylornithine (N-Acetyl-L-ornithine) 是一种人内源性代谢物，是 L-谷氨酸到 L-精氨酸的酶促合成中的中间体。

Trichlormethiazide sodium 是口服有效的噻嗪类利尿剂，显示降压活性。在急性肾功能衰竭大鼠中，Trichlormethiazide sodium 可增加尿量、Na 和 K 排泄，并有改善肌酐清除率 (CCRE)。

NTU281 是转谷氨酰胺酶-2 (transglutaminase-2) 的有效抑制剂，能够减少糖尿病大鼠血清肌酐和蛋白尿的升高，并降低肾小球 I 型胶原积累、Hic-5 和α-SMA 表达，以及减少细胞凋亡 (apoptosis)，能够用于糖尿病引起的肾小球硬化的研究。

Paromomycin (Sulfate Salt) is an aminoglycoside that is active against Gram-negative and many Gram-positive bacteria as well as some protozoa and cestodes. Paromomycin in combination with sodium stibogluconate has proven to be effective in African and Indian VL (visceral leishmaniasis) and improves survival in African VL[3]. PS (Paromomycin Sulfate) is effective for elimination of B. coli without hematological side effects[4]. The activity of phosphoglucose isomerase was slightly inhibited by 10(-3) M paromomycin sulfate while those of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were not inhibited[5]. In addition, with regard to correlation of endotoxemia with renal impairment, endogenous creatinine clearance and p-aminohippurate clearance were significantly improved (P less than 0.02) in those patients whose endotoxemia disappeared on paromomycin sulfate administration. Paromomycin sulfate seems to be effective in the prevention of endotoxemia and the associated renal impairment in cirrhosis in man[6]. Significantly higher frequencies of resistance to paromomycin, kanamycin, neomycin and tobramycin were observed in S. aureus isolates from PS (paromomycin supplemented) birds. Paromomycin supplementation resulted in resistance to aminoglycosides in bacteria of PS turkeys. Co-selection for resistance to other antimicrobial agents was observed in E. coli isolates[7].

Indoxyl sulfate-d5 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of indoxyl sulfate by GC- or LC-MS. Indoxyl sulfate is a uremic toxin and a metabolite of tryptophan. It is formed via sulfation of indole, an intermediate generated from tryptophan by intestinal bacteria, by the sulfotransferase (SULT) isoform 1A1 variant 2 (SULT1A1*2) in the liver. Indoxyl sulfate activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in HepG2 40 6 hepatoma cells (EC50 = 12.1 nM in a reporter assay). It also inhibits the organic anion transporter (OAT) isoforms OAT1 and OAT3 (Kis = 34.2 and 74.4 µM, respectively for the rat transporters) in S2 proximal tubule cells. Indoxyl sulfate (0.2 and 1 mM) increases superoxide anion and nitric oxide levels in isolated human mononuclear blood cells. It increases serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in the 5 6 nephrectomized rat model of chronic renal failure when administered at a dose of 50 mg kg.

Creatininase (CAH) 是一种从 Pseudomonas putida 中发现的同六聚体酶，可用于研究肌酐检测的生物传感器和慢性肾功能衰竭。