steatosis

Orotic acid zinc (Zinc Orotate) 是一种嘧啶核苷酸和 RNA 生物合成的前体，从线粒体二氢乳清酸脱氢酶 (DHODH) 中释放，通过细胞质 UMP 合酶转化为 UMP。它可引起大鼠肝脂肪变性和肝肿大，是尿素循环异常的常规新生儿筛查中的一种测量指标。

Orotic acid (Vitamin B13) 是一种嘧啶核苷酸和 RNA 生物合成的前体，从线粒体二氢乳清酸脱氢酶 (DHODH) 中释放，通过细胞质 UMP 合酶转化为 UMP。它可引起大鼠肝脂肪变性和肝肿大，是尿素循环异常的常规新生儿筛查中的一种测量指标。

Scopolin (Scopoloside) 是从拟南芥根中分离出来的香豆素，可通过激活SIRT1介导的信号级联反应减轻了肝脂肪变性。

CTPI-2 是一种特异性线粒体柠檬酸盐载体SLC25A1抑制剂，KD=3.5 μM，具有抗肿瘤作用。它能够抑制糖酵解、PPARγ 及其下游靶点葡萄糖转运蛋白 GLUT4。它阻断非酒精性脂肪性肝炎逆转脂肪变性的显著改变，防止演变为脂肪性肝炎，减少肝脏和脂肪组织中炎性巨噬细胞的浸润，并显著减轻由高脂肪饮食引起的肥胖。

PTUPB 是强效的sEH(IC50:0.9 μM)和COX-2(IC50:1.26 μM)的双向抑制剂。

ACH-000143 是一种可口服的褪黑素受体激动剂，对 MT1 和 MT2 的EC50值分别为0.06 和0.32 nM。

4-Hydroxyflavanone 是一种黄酮的合成类似物，是 SREBP 成熟和脂质合成的抑制剂。它具有研究肝脏脂肪变性及血脂异常的潜力。

LI-2242是一种强效肌醇六磷酸激酶（IP6K）抑制剂，对 IP6K1、IP6K2、IP6K3和 IPMK 的 IC50s 分别为31 nM、42 nM、8.7 nM 和1944 nM。LI-2242通过减少增强脂质吸收、脂质稳定和脂肪生成的基因的表达，改善了肝脏脂肪变性，增强体外脂肪细胞和肝细胞的线粒体耗氧率（OCR）和胰岛素信号传导。 LI-2242可改善饮食诱导的小鼠肥胖症、高血糖症和肝脂肪变性。LI-2242可用于研究 II 型糖尿病、肥胖症、代谢并发症、静脉血栓和精神疾病。

Obeticholic Acid (6-ECDCA，INT-747 )是一种高亲和力、半合成、胆汁酸衍生的 FXR 激动剂，EC50为 99 nM,且能够上调 IκB-α、KLF-2 和 KLF-4 表达。Obeticholic Acid (6-ECDCA，INT-747 )还显示出其治疗肝脂肪变性、炎症和纤维化的潜力，同时增加胰岛素敏感性。

MK-0626是一种可口服的二肽基肽酶IV（DPP-4）抑制剂，通过增强AMPK活性，减轻肝脏脂肪变性和蓄积。MK-0626通过恢复GLP-1R的表达减轻了TAC诱导的糖尿病胰岛损伤。MK-0626能够通过增加循环内皮祖细胞的数量和内皮型一氧化氮合酶的表达，促进新血管生成。

L-Chicoric Acid (trans-Caffeoyltartaric acid) 是一种二咖啡酰酒石酸，是一种选择性可逆的 HIV-1 整合酶抑制剂，IC50约为 100 nM。它还可抑制 HIV-1 复制。

Eriocitrin (Eriodictyol-7-O-Rutinoside) 是从柠檬中分离出来的一种黄酮类天然产物，是强效的抗氧化剂。它通过激活线粒体涉及的内在信号传导途径来触发细胞凋亡。它通过上调 p53、cyclin A、cyclin D3 和 CDK6 使 S 期细胞周期停滞，从而抑制肝癌细胞的增殖。

SBI993 是 SBI-477 的类似物，可用作生物标志物来确认 MondoA 靶基因在体内表达的预期作用。 SBI993 降低肌肉 TAG 水平和肝脂肪变性。

ZLY032 is a dual agonist of free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1 GPR40; EC50= 68 nM in a FLIPR assay) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ; EC50= 102 nM in a reporter assay).1It is selective for FFAR1 and PPARδ over PPARα and PPARγ (EC50s = >10 μM for both). ZLY032 (40 mg kg, twice per day) reduces blood glucose levels in an oral glucose tolerance test and decreases plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in theob obmouse model of metabolic disease.2It reduces hepatic steatosis and plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced by a methionine and choline-deficient diet at the same dose. 1.Li, Z., Chen, Y., Zhou, Z., et al.Discovery of first-in-class thiazole-based dual FFA1 PPARδ agonists as potential anti-diabetic agentsEur. J. Med. Chem.164352-365(2019) 2.Li, Z., Zhou, Z., Hu, L., et al.ZLY032, the first-in-class dual FFA1 PPARδ agonist, improves glucolipid metabolism and alleviates hepatic fibrosisPharmacol Res.159105035(2020)

Palmitic acid calcium，一种长链饱和脂肪酸，广泛存在于动物和植物中。它能在小鼠颗粒细胞诱导葡萄糖调节蛋白78 (GRP78) 和CCAAT 增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白 (CHOP) 的表达，可用于建立细胞脂肪变性模型。

1-Pentadecanoyl-rac-glycerol is a monoacylglycerol that contains pentadecanoic acid at the sn-1 position. It has been found in wheat bran extracts.1 1-Pentadecanoyl-rac-glycerol levels are increased in a HepaRG cell-based model of hepatic steatosis induced by BSA-conjugated palmitate.2 |1. Prinsen, P., Gutiérrez, A., Faulds, C.B., et al. Comprehensive study of valuable lipophilic phytochemicals in wheat bran. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62(7), 1664-1673 (2014).|2. Brown, M.V., Compton, S.A., Milburn, M.V., et al. Metabolomic signatures in lipid-loaded HepaRGs reveal pathways involved in steatotic progression. Obesity (Silver Spring) 21(12), E561-E570 (2013).

Ajoene is a disulfide that has been found inA. sativumand has diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, antiplatelet, and antioxidant properties.1,2,3,4It is active against Gram-positive (MICs = 5-160 µg ml) and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 136-200 µg ml), as well as yeasts (MICs = 10-20 µg ml).1Ajoene is cytotoxic to mouse melanoma cells (IC50= 18 µM), as well as human colon, lung, mammary, and pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 7-41 µM).2It reduces tumor growth in a B16 BL6 mouse model of melanoma when administered at a dose of 25 mg kg every other day and decreases the number of lung metastases when administered prior to tumor cell inoculation at doses ranging from 1-25 mg kg. It inhibits ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation in isolated baboon platelets when used at concentrations ranging from 75 to 150 µg ml and in platelet-rich plasma isolated from baboons when administered at a dose of 25 mg kg.3Ajoene (25 mg kg) prevents thrombus formation on damaged arterial walls in heparinized pigs in anin situmodel of thrombogenesis.5It also reduces high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, histopathological markers of liver damage, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and protein oxidation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).4 1.Naganawa, R., Iwata, N., Ishikawa, K., et al.Inhibition of microbial growth by ajoene, a sulfur-containing compound derived from garlicAppl. Environ. Microbiol.62(11)4238-4242(1996) 2.Taylor, P., Noriega, R., Farah, C., et al.Ajoene inhibits both primary tumor growth and metastasis of B16 BL6 melanoma cells in C57BL 6 miceCancer Lett.239(2)298-304(2006) 3.Teranishi, K., Apitz-Castro, R., Robson, S.C., et al.Inhibition of baboon platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo by the garlic derivative, ajoeneXenotransplantation10(4)374-379(2003) 4.Han, C.Y., Ki, S.H., Kim, Y.W., et al.Ajoene, a stable garlic by-product, inhibits high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and oxidative injury through LKB1-dependent AMPK activationAntioxid. Redox Signal.14(2)187-202(2011) 5.Apitz-Castro, R., Badimon, J.J., and Badimon, L.A garlic derivative, ajoene, inhibits platelet deposition on severely damaged vessel wall in an in vivo porcine experimental modelThromb. Res.75(3)243-249(1994)

Ervogastat (PF-06865571) 是一种有效且耐受性良好的二酰基甘油酰基转移酶 2 抑制剂。 Ervogastat 可降低非酒精性脂肪性肝炎 (NASH) 中的脂肪变性和肝脏甘油三酯水平。

SRI-37330 抑制胰高血糖素的分泌和功能，减少肝葡萄糖的产生，并逆转肝脂肪变性。

FXR antagonist 1 是一种选择性的、口服具有活力的肠道 FXR 拮抗剂，其 IC50 值为 2.1 μM。FXR antagonist 1 能够拮抗肠道 FXR，并反馈激活肝脏 FXR，进而选择性地抑制肠道 FXR 信号。FXR antagonist 1 可改善 NASH (非酒精性脂肪性肝炎) 模型中的肝脏脂肪变性、炎症和纤维化，能够用于研究 NASH。

SET-171 是一种 JNK (c-JunN-terminal kinase) 抑制剂，通过抑制肝脏丙酮酸激酶 (PKL) 的表达，展现出显著的抗癌特性和调节脂质代谢的潜力。在抗肿瘤研究中，SET-171 对人肝癌细胞系 HepG2 和 Huh7 的 IC50 值分别为 8.82 μM 和 2.97 μM，显示出较高的细胞毒性。此外，在非酒精性脂肪性肝病 (NAFLD) 的研究中，SET-171 显著降低三酰甘油 (TAG) 水平，并抑制与脂肪变性相关蛋白的表达。SET-171 有望用于肝细胞癌 (HCC) 和非酒精性脂肪性肝病的研究。

Anti-NASH agent 2 (compound 21) 是一种能够抑制新生脂肪生成和 α-SMA 基因表达的药物。Anti-NASH agent 2 可有效改善 NASH 小鼠模型中的肝脂肪变性、水肿、炎症浸润及肝纤维化。

Mannan 是从藻类、蘑菇、酵母和高等植物中分离出的，可作为免疫调节剂。Mannan 抑制肝脏巨噬细胞（M1谱系）的促炎活性对许多肝脏病变（例如坏死或脂肪变性）具有保护作用。

Tripalmitolein is a triacylglycerol that contains palmitoleic acid at the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions. It reduces red blood cell deformability in a concentration-dependent manner in a Reid's filtration assay. Hepatic levels of 1,2,3-tripalmitoleoyl-rac-glycerol are increased in the JAK2L mouse model of hepatic steatosis. Tripalmitolein plasma levels are decreased in renal patients before dialysis.