hydrogen oxidized

Choline hydroxide 是一种普遍存在的水溶性营养素，通常与 B 族维生素有关。

NAD+ (β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) 是一种转递氢离子的辅酶，参与细胞中的氧化还原反应。NAD+ 参与糖酵解、柠檬酸循环、脂肪酸氧化等。NAD+ 接受来自其他分子的电子形成 NADH，然后又作为还原剂来给电子。

Glutathione can occur in reduced (GSH), oxidized (GSSG), or in mixed disulfide forms and is ubiquitous in multiple biological systems serving as the major thiol-disulfide redox buffer of the cell. GSSG is the oxidized form of GSH . It can be reduced back to GSH through the NADPH-dependent enzyme glutathione reductase. GSSG functions as a hydrogen acceptor in the enzymatic determination of NADP+ and NADPH and can be a proximal donor in S-glutathionylation post translational modifications. The ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione within cells is often used as an indicator of oxidative stress, with higher concentrations of GSSG predicting increased oxidative stress.

Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px; EC 1.11.1.9)，是一种关键的抗氧化酶，能催化GSH与过氧化氢或脂质过氧化物反应，生成GSSG和H2O，从而减缓氧化应激。此酶在生化研究中具有重要应用。

Gliclazide-d4 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of gliclazide by GC- or LC-MS. Gliclazide is a sulfonylurea and an inhibitor of pancreatic β-cell ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. It is selective for pancreatic β-cell over cardiac and arterial smooth muscle cell KATP channels. Gliclazide (5 μM) increases insulin-induced glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the plasma membrane in a differentiated 3T3L1 adipocyte model of insulin resistance induced by hydrogen peroxide. Gliclazide (5 and 10 μg ml) reduces LDL oxidation by human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs), decreasing TBARS content and 8-isoprostane levels. It also decreases oxidized LDL-induced HASMC proliferation and monocyte adhesion when used at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 μg ml. Gliclazide (5 mg kg) reduces serum glucose levels and increases glucose uptake by isolated rat hindquarters in a model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ).