glucose tolerance

CCG-1423 是一种选择性 RhoA 通路抑制剂，可抑制 SRF 介导的转录，能抑制细胞的转移前列腺癌PC-3细胞侵袭模型。

AMPK activator 4 是一种有效且具有选择性的AMPK激活剂，不抑制线粒体复合物 I。AMPK activator 4 选择性地激活肌肉组织中的 AMPK且剂量依赖性地改善正常小鼠的糖耐量，显著降低 db db 糖尿病小鼠的空腹血糖水平和改善胰岛素抵抗。AMPK activator 4 具有降血糖作用。

Quercetin-3'-O-phosphate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavonols,has been used in trials studying the treatment of Insulin Resistance and Impaired Glucose Tolerance.

Phanginin A 是有效的口服活性SIK1激活剂，通过抑制糖异生、增加p-SIK1表达及降低p-CREB表达，达到降低血糖水平、改善葡萄糖耐量和血脂异常的效果，显示出其在2型糖尿病研究中的潜力。

trans-Cinnamic acid (Myricitrine) 通过改善体内葡萄糖耐量和体外刺激胰岛素分泌而发挥抗糖尿病活性。它是一种杀菌剂，对鱼的病原菌温和气单胞菌的 MIC 值为 250 μg mL。

Oxfenicine (4-Hydroxy-L-phenylglycine) 是具有口服活性的肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1 抑制剂。它在缺血期间保护心脏免受坏死组织的损害。它可抑制心脏中脂肪酸的氧化。

HWL-088 is a potent free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA1 GPR40) agonist. HWL-088 significantly improves glucose tolerance in normal and diabetic models.

KPLH1130，一种选择性丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶(PDK)抑制剂，在高脂饮食(HFD)喂养的小鼠中提高了糖耐量。KPLH1130 抑制巨噬细胞极化并减轻了炎症反应。

PF-5006739 is an effective and selective inhibitor of CK1δ ε (IC50s: 3.9 nM and 17.0 nM, respectively). PF-5006739 is a potential therapeutic agent for a range of psychiatric disorders with low nanomolar in vitro potency for CK1δ ε and high kinome selecti

SX29为一种口服非竞争性α-glucosidase抑制剂，具IC50值仅为2.12 μM。该化合物展现出显著的降血糖活性，能有效降低糖尿病小鼠的血糖浓度，并增强其糖耐量。

YH18968, 作为GPR119激动剂, 有助于提高葡萄糖耐受性，并增强降低血糖的效果。在与二肽基肽酶4 (DPP-4) 抑制剂联合治疗时，YH18968能够提升正常小鼠中活性GLP-1的血浆水平。

KOTX1 是一种口服有效且选择性的ALDH1A3抑制剂。在糖尿病小鼠模型中，KOTX1 可改善葡萄糖耐量、胰岛素分泌以及血糖水平。

α-Glucosidase-IN-77 (Compound H7) 是一种非竞争性 α-glucosidase 抑制剂，IC50 为 1.25 μM。在小鼠 2 型糖尿病模型中，α-Glucosidase-IN-77 可降低血糖水平、改善葡萄糖耐受性、调节肠道菌群，且表现出保肝作用。

PPARγmodulator-2 (Compound (R)-2n) 是一种PPARγ的可逆调节剂，能够抑制PPARγ配体结合域 (LBD)，其IC50为41 nM。PPARγmodulator-2 可降低血糖水平，改善葡萄糖耐受性和胰岛素耐受性，并在 db db 小鼠模型中展示出抗糖尿病活性。

Linogliride 是一种基于胍的胰岛素分泌抑制剂，也是 pirogliride 的结构类似物，具有降血糖活性。它可以阻断胰腺β细胞膜上对 ATP 敏感的钾通道，从而刺激胰岛素分泌并改善葡萄糖耐受性。

Linogliride fumarate 是Linogliride 的富马酸盐。Linogliride 是一种基于胍的胰岛素分泌抑制剂，也是pirogliride 的结构类似物，具有降血糖活性。它可以阻断胰腺β细胞膜上对ATP 敏感的钾通道，从而刺激胰岛素分泌并改善葡萄糖耐受性。

SIRT6-IN-1, a novel SIRT6 inhibitor, reduces glycemia and improves oral glucose tolerance in unfed wild-type mice.

WB403 is a TGR5 activator. WB403 significantly decreases fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose and HbA1c, improves glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetic mice. WB403 increases pancreatic β-cells and restores the normal distribution pattern of α-

ASP8497 is a potent, long-acting DPP-IV inhibitor that improves glucose tolerance by elevating GLP-1 levels in a glucose-dependent insulin-stimulating manner. The compound is used as a therapeutic agent for impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes.

AM-2394 是新型的 glucokinase 激活剂 (GKA)。它能够激活葡萄糖激酶 (GK)，EC50=60 nM。

YW1128 is an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with an IC50 value of 4.1 nM in a reporter assay.1 It decreases protein levels of β-catenin in the presence of the GSK3β inhibitor lithium chloride and increases protein levels of Axin1 in HEK293 cells. YW1128 decreases lipid accumulation and the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes in Huh7 cells. It decreases the hepatic expression of Wnt target genes, improves glucose tolerance, and prevents body weight increases and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice fed a high-fat diet, but not mice fed normal chow, when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg every other day for 11 weeks.References1. Obianom, O.N., Ai, Y., Li, Y., et al. Triazole-based inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway improve glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese mice. J. Med. Chem. 62(2), 727-741 (2019). YW1128 is an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with an IC50 value of 4.1 nM in a reporter assay.1 It decreases protein levels of β-catenin in the presence of the GSK3β inhibitor lithium chloride and increases protein levels of Axin1 in HEK293 cells. YW1128 decreases lipid accumulation and the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes in Huh7 cells. It decreases the hepatic expression of Wnt target genes, improves glucose tolerance, and prevents body weight increases and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice fed a high-fat diet, but not mice fed normal chow, when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg every other day for 11 weeks. References1. Obianom, O.N., Ai, Y., Li, Y., et al. Triazole-based inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway improve glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese mice. J. Med. Chem. 62(2), 727-741 (2019).

FKGK 18 is an inhibitor of group VIA (GVIA) calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2). It inhibits GVIA iPLA2 by 99.9% at 0.091 mole fraction in a mixed micelle activity assay and is selective for GVIA iPLA2 over GIVA cPLA2 and GV sPLA2 where it shows 80.8 and 36.8% inhibition, respectively. FKGK 18 inhibits iPLA2β activity in cytosolic extracts from INS-1 cells overexpressing iPLA2β (IC50 = ~50 nM) as well as iPLA2γ activity in mouse heart membrane fractions (IC50s = ~1-3 μM). It inhibits glucose-induced increases in prostaglandin E2 production and insulin secretion in human pancreatic islets when used at a concentration of 10 μM and inhibits thapsigargin-induced apoptosis in INS-1 cells overexpressing iPLA2β in a concentration-dependent manner. FKGK 18 (20 mg/kg, 3 times per week) reduces blood glucose levels in an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, decreases the incidence of diabetes, and increases serum insulin levels in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice.

SR 1903 is a modulator of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ) and liver X receptor (LXR).1 It is an inverse agonist of RORγ (IC50 = ~100 nM in a cell-based reporter assay) and an agonist of LXR. It also binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ; IC50 = 209 nM) but does not activate it. SR 1903 (10 μM) inhibits LPS-induced expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) in RAW 264.7 cells. It also inhibits LPS-induced expression of the LXR target genes IL-6 and IL-33 and increases expression of ABCG1, FASN, and SCD-1 in RAW 264.7 cells. SR 1903 (20 mg kg twice per day) reduces severity score in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. It reduces blood glucose levels in a glucose tolerance test, serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL, body weight, and fat mass in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity.References1. Chang, M.R., Ciesla, A., Strutzenberg, T.S., et al. Unique polypharmacology nuclear receptor modulator blocks inflammatory signaling pathways. ACS Chem. Biol. 14(5), 1051-1062 (2019). SR 1903 is a modulator of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ) and liver X receptor (LXR).1 It is an inverse agonist of RORγ (IC50 = ~100 nM in a cell-based reporter assay) and an agonist of LXR. It also binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ; IC50 = 209 nM) but does not activate it. SR 1903 (10 μM) inhibits LPS-induced expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) in RAW 264.7 cells. It also inhibits LPS-induced expression of the LXR target genes IL-6 and IL-33 and increases expression of ABCG1, FASN, and SCD-1 in RAW 264.7 cells. SR 1903 (20 mg kg twice per day) reduces severity score in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. It reduces blood glucose levels in a glucose tolerance test, serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL, body weight, and fat mass in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity. References1. Chang, M.R., Ciesla, A., Strutzenberg, T.S., et al. Unique polypharmacology nuclear receptor modulator blocks inflammatory signaling pathways. ACS Chem. Biol. 14(5), 1051-1062 (2019).

Massarigenin C is a fungal metabolite that has been found inM. flavoroseaand has enzyme inhibitory activities.1,2Massarigenin C inhibits neuraminidasein vitro(IC50= 4.15 μM).2It is also an inhibitor of yeast α-glucosidase (IC50= 1.25 mM).1It reduces the postprandial peak in blood glucose levels in an oral sucrose tolerance test in normo- and hyperglycemic mice when administered at doses of 3.2, 10, and 31.6 mg kg.