antimicrobial peptide

Magainin 2是从非洲爪蟾皮肤中分离得到的一种抗菌肽。它对许多革兰氏阴性和革兰氏阳性细菌显示出抗生素活性，对原生动物也有活性。它通过优先与细菌膜中丰富的阴离子磷脂相互作用而发挥细胞毒性作用。

Bovine tracheal antimicrobial peptide，一种自牛气管粘膜分泌的抗菌肽，对E.coliD31、K.pneumoniae13883、S.aureus25923、P.aeruginosa27853 以及C.albicans14053 均展现出显著的抗菌效果，其MIC值分别为12-25、12-25、25-50、25-50、6-12 μg ml。

LEAP-2 (Human liver expressed antimicrobial peptide-2) 是一种抗菌肽，是生长素释放肽的内源性竞争性拮抗剂，也是组成型 GHS-R1a 活性的反向激动剂，可用于研究肥胖和其他代谢疾病。

LL-37, Human acetate(154947-66-7 free base) 是一种 37 个残基、两亲性、cathelicidin 衍生的抗菌肽，具有广谱的抗菌活性。

Dermaseptin acetate 是一种从青蛙皮肤中分离出来的肽，在微摩尔浓度下表现出对细菌、真菌和原生动物的有效抗菌活性。

Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride (Dalimycin) 是由 Streptomyces rimosus 生产的，一种具有抗菌活性的四环素衍生物。它干扰氨酰-tRNA 与 mRNA-核糖体复合物的结合，从而阻止肽延伸并抑制蛋白质合成。

Levitide acetate 是一种来自青蛙皮肤的抗菌肽。

P-113 acetate 是一种源自人类唾液蛋白组氨酸 5 的抗菌肽 (AMP)，在患有口腔念珠菌病的牙龈炎和人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 患者中显示出良好的安全性和有效性。

rCRAMP (rat) acetate 是一种与cathelin 相关的抗菌肽，在大鼠脑肽 蛋白质提取物中表现出抗菌活性。

Magainin 1 acetate 是一种抗菌肽。它对许多革兰氏阴性和革兰氏阳性细菌表现出抗生素活性。

Alamethicin 是从 Trichoderma viride 中分离得到的一种通道形成抗生素肽，具有潜在的抗菌活性，抑制甲烷生成并促进生物电化学系统中的乙酰生成。

Apidaecin IB is an insect antimicrobial peptide, with MIC values of 8 μM for E. coli (O18K1H7, ML35 and ATCC 25922).

Bactenecin is a cyclic antimicrobial peptide isolated from bovine neutrophils with potent activity against Bacterial and Fungal species.

Gramicidin (Gramicidine) 是一种抗菌肽，Gramicidin 二聚体在细菌和动物细胞的细胞膜和细胞器中形成离子通道样孔，使得无机一价离子，如钾离子和钠离子可以通过扩散自由穿过这些孔，破坏了膜之间重要的离子梯度，从而通过各种作用杀死细胞。Gramicidin 对枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等革兰氏阳性细菌有效，但对大肠杆菌等革兰氏阴性细菌效果不佳。

SPR741 acetate 是衍生自多粘菌素 B 的阳离子肽，通过增加革兰氏阴性细菌外膜的通透性来抑制严重的革兰氏阴性细菌感从而展现出对革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌活性。SPR741 acetate 常与抗生素联合使用来治疗一些疾病。

ACPK is a pyrrolysine analogue bearing an azide residue.

KKL-40 是一种小分子抑制剂，专门针对反式转录过程，能够有效抑制甲氧西林敏感和耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌 (S. aureus)，以及包括耐万古霉素的屎肠球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和化脓性链球菌在内的其他革兰氏阳性病原体。KKL-40 与人类抗菌肽 LL-37 协同作用可抑制金黄色葡萄球菌，但与达托霉素、卡那霉素或红霉素等其他抗生素之间没有协同效应。反式转录是一种极端的重新编码形式，KKL-40 能抑制该过程，同时对 HeLa 细胞无毒。

P-113 is a peptide with antimicrobial activity.

Splenotritin is used as an antimicrobial peptide.

BB-83698 is a peptide deformylase inhibitor with potent antimicrobial against streptococci and Moraxella catarrhalis strains.

Leucinostatin is a peptide mycotoxins that have some potent effects on liver cells after oral administration. Leucinostatin is used as both antimicrobial and antitumor agents through interactions with the membrane phospholipids. Leucinostatin has shown ef

Lytixar is a Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptide, it shows activity against Daptomycin-Nonsusceptible, Methicillin-Resistant, Vancomycin-Intermediate, Vancomycin-Resistant, and Linezolid-Nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus. LTX-109 demonstrated a MIC range o

β-Defensin-1 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth ofB. adolescentis,L. acidophilus,B. breve,B. vulgatus,L. fermentum,B. longum, andS. thermophilusin an antimicrobial radial diffusion assay.2β-Defensin-1 also inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius, and of susceptibleM. tuberculosisH37Rv but not of resistantM. tuberculosisRM22 when used at a concentration of 128 μg/ml.3,4It blocks human and mouse Kv1.3 voltage-gated potassium channels (IC50s = 11.8 and 13.2 μM, respectively).5Overexpression of β-defensin-1 in the human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines HSC-3, UM-1, and SCC-9 increases migration and invasion but not proliferation.6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Schroeder, B.O., Ehmann, D., Precht, J.C., et al.Paneth cell α-defensin 6 (HD-6) is an antimicrobial peptideMucosal Immunol.8(3)661-671(2015) 3.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 4.Fattorini, L., Gennaro, R., Zanetti, M., et al.In vitro activity of protegrin-1 and beta-defensin-1, alone and in combination with isoniazid, against Mycobacterium tuberculosisPeptides25(7)1075-1077(2004) 5.Feng, J., Xie, Z., Yang, W., et al.Human beta-defensin 1, a new animal toxin-like blocker of potassium channelToxicon113(2016) 6.Han, Q., Wang, R., Sun, C., et al.Human beta-defensin-1 suppresses tumor migration and invasion and is an independent predictor for survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patientsPLoS One9(3)e91867(2014)

β-Defensin-2 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius.2β-Defensin-2 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes.3It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-2 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cellsin vitrowhen used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cellsin vivofollowing a 500 ng intradermal dose.4Expression of β-defensin-2 is increased in psoriatic skin and chronic wounds.5,6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 3.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Nakano, N., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokinesJ. Invest. Dermatol.127(3)594-604(2007) 4.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Hara, M., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins and cathelicidin LL-37 induce the secretion of a pruritogenic cytokine IL-31 by human mast cellsJ. Immunol.184(7)3526-3534(2010) 5.Huh, W.-K., Oono, T., Shirafuji, Y., et al.Dynamic alteration of human β-defensin 2 localization from cytoplasm to intercellular space in psoriatic skinJ. Mol. Med. (Berl.)80(10)678-684(2002) 6.Butmarc, J., Yufit, T., Carson, P., et al.Human β-defensin-2 expression is increased in chronic woundsWound Repair Regen.12(4)439-443(2004)