anti-fibrosis

Mimosine (Leucenol) 是一种酪氨酸类似物，具有抗癌和抗炎等活性。它可通过其强大的铁结合活性作为抗氧化剂，是一种 Fe(III) 螯合剂。它作用于人类白血病细胞，通过金属离子螯合、线粒体激活和诱导活性氧产生来诱导细胞凋亡。

TD139 是一种吸入式半乳糖凝集素-3 (Gal-3) 的小分子抑制剂，具有潜在的抗纤维化活性，常被用于研究特发性肺纤维化。

Pirfenidone (AMR69) 抑制纤维细胞中 CCL2 和 CCL12 的产生，还降低 TGF-β2 蛋白水平。Pirfenidone 是一种抗纤维化剂，常用于肺纤维化的相关研究，还具有抗炎活性。

Aucuparin (2,6-dimethoxy-4-phenylphenol) 是一种植物抗菌素，具有抗炎活性。 在博来霉素 (BLM) 诱导的肺纤维化小鼠模型中，Aucuparin 抑制肺纤维化。 在经ABTS 和FRAP 测定显示出明显的清除活性。 Aucuparin 对fmlp 诱导的人中性粒细胞产生超氧化物具有明显的抑制作用，其IC50为17.0μM。

GLPG1205是一种有效的、具有口服活性的 GPR84（G 蛋白偶联受体）拮抗剂，具有抗炎活性 。GLPG1205显示出良好的PK PD 特征，可用于研究肺纤维化。

ATX inhibitor 5 是一种有效且具有口服活性的 autotaxin (ATX) 抑制剂（IC50 ： 15.3 nM），可降低 CCl4 诱导的肝纤维化水平，具有抗肝纤维化作用，。

JNJ-49095397 (RV568) 是一种选择性 p38 MAPK-α 和 p38 MAPK--γ 激酶抑制剂，具有抗炎活性和潜在的抗病毒活性，可用于研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (COPD) 、囊性纤维化和呼吸道合胞体病毒感染。

Tipelukast (KCA 757) 是一种新型可口服的白三烯受体 (leukotriene receptor) 拮抗剂，是具有抗炎活性，可减少纤维化，下调 TIMP-1、1 型胶原蛋白。Tipelukast 可用于研究哮喘疾病。

Sinapinic Acid (Synapoic acid) 是从 Hydnophytum formicarumJack. 根中分离到的酚类，是HDAC 抑制剂，对ACE-I 的活性也有抑制作用。它有抗肿瘤活性，诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡，具有抗氧化、抗糖尿病的作用。

Esomeprazole Sodium ((S)-Omeprazole sodium) 是一种口服有效的活性质子泵抑制剂。Esomeprazole sodium 通过抑制胃壁细胞中的 H+, K+-ATPase 来降低酸分泌，在胃食管反流疾病中有研究价值。Esomeprazole 是一种外泌体抑制剂，通过抑制 V-H+-ATPases 来阻断外泌体的释放。

(S)-(+)-Ibuprofen (Dexibuprofen) 是 Ibuprofen 的 S(+)-对映异构体，能够有效的抑制COX-1(IC50:2.1 μM)和COX-2(IC50:1.6 μM)，。它具有抗癌、退热、止痛，抗炎的效果。

Ibuprofen (Advil) 是一种丙酸衍生物和非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)，具有抗炎、镇痛和解热作用。它是COX-1和COX-2的抑制剂，IC50值分别为 13 和 370 μM，导致前列腺素和血栓素前体的形成减少。

Esomeprazole 是奥美拉唑(omeprazole) 的S-异构体，抑制溶酶体半胱氨酸蛋白酶legumain，防止癌症转移。它是一种质子泵抑制剂（PPI）。

Berberine (Umbellatine) 属于生物碱类天然产物，可以激活 AMPK、抑制 DNA 拓扑异构酶、诱导 ROS 生成。Berberine 具有抗肿瘤、抗菌、降血糖、降血脂等生物学活性。

Rupatadine (UR-12592) is a potent dual PAF H1 antagonist with Ki of 0.55 0.1 uM(rabbit platelet membranes guinea pig cerebellum membranes).IC50 value:Target: PAF H1 antagonistin vitro: Rupatadine competitively inhibited histamine-induced guinea pig ileum contraction (pA2 = 9.29 + - 0.06) without affecting contraction induced by ACh, serotonin or leukotriene D4 (LTD4). It also competitively inhibited PAF-induced platelet aggregation in washed rabbit platelets (WRP) (pA2 = 6.68 + - 0.08) and in human platelet-rich plasma (HPRP) (IC50 = 0.68 microM), while not affecting ADP- or arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation [1]. The IC50 for rupatadine in A23187, concanavalin A and anti-IgE induced histamine release was 0.7+ -0.4 microM, 3.2+ -0.7 microM and 1.5+ -0.4 microM, respectively whereas for loratadine the IC50 was 2.1+ -0.9 microM, 4.0+ -1.3 M and 1.7+ -0.5 microM. SR-27417A exhibited no inhibitory effect [2].in vivo: Rupatadine blocked histamine- and PAF-induced effects in vivo, such as hypotension in rats (ID50 = 1.4 and 0.44 mg kg i.v., respectively) and bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs (ID50 = 113 and 9.6 micrograms kg i.v.). Moreover, it potently inhibited PAF-induced mortality in mice (ID50 = 0.31 and 3.0 mg kg i.v. and p.o., respectively) and endotoxin-induced mortality in mice and rats (ID50 = 1.6 and 0.66 mg kg i.v.) [1]. rupatadine treatment improved the declined lung function and significantly decreased animal death. Moreover, rupatadine was able not only to attenuate silica-induced silicosis but also to produce a superior therapeutic efficacy compared to pirfenidone, histamine H1 antagonist loratadine, or PAF antagonist CV-3988 [3]. [1]. Merlos M, et al. Rupatadine, a new potent, orally active dual antagonist of histamine and platelet-activating factor (PAF). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Jan;280(1):114-21. [2]. Queralt M, et al. In vitro inhibitory effect of rupatadine on histamine and TNF-alpha release from dispersed canine skin mast cells and the human mast cell line HMC-1. Inflamm Res. 2000 Jul;49(7):355-60. [3]. Lv XX, et al. Rupatadine protects against pulmonary fibrosis by attenuating PAF-mediated senescence in rodents. PLoS One. 2013 Jul 15;8(7):e68631.

Cardamonin (Cardamomin) 是从 Alpiniae katsumadai 中分离出的一种查尔酮，具有抗癌、抗炎、抗微生物、抗氧化和抗糖尿病的活性，可抑制 mTOR、NF-κB、Akt、STAT3、Wnt β-catenin 和 COX-2，抑制乳腺癌的生长,可用于研究急性肾损伤和慢性肾纤维化。

Talabostat (PT100, Val-boroPro) is a potent, nonselective and orally available dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor with a Ki of 0.18 nM. Talabostat is a nonselective DPP-IV inhibitor, inhibiting DPP8 9, FAP, DPP2 and some other DASH family enzymes essentially as potently as it inhibits DPP-IV[1]. Talabostat stimulates the immune system by triggering a proinflammatory form of cell death in monocytes and macrophages known as pyroptosis. The inhibition of two serine proteases, DPP8 and DPP9, activates the proprotein form of caspase-1 independent of the inflammasome adaptor ASC[2]. Talabostat competitively inhibits the dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) activity of FAP and CD26 DPP-IV, and there is a high-affinity interaction with the catalytic site due to the formation of a complex between Ser630 624 and the boron of talabostat[3]. Talabostat can stimulate immune responses against tumors involving both the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system. In WEHI 164 fibrosarcoma and EL4 and A20 2J lymphoma models, PT-100 causes regression and rejection of tumors. The antitumor effect appears to involve tumor-specific CTL and protective immunological memory. Talabostat treatment of WEHI 164-inoculated mice increases mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines known to promote T-cell priming and chemoattraction of T cells and innate effector cells[3]. Talabostat treated mice show significant less fibrosis and FAP expression is reduced. Upon PT100 treatment, significant differences in the MMP-12, MIP-1α, and MCP-3 mRNA expression levels in the lungs are also observed. Treatment with PT100 in this murine model of pulmonary fibrosis has an anti-fibro-proliferative effect and increases macrophage activation[4]. [1]. Connolly BA, et al. Dipeptide boronic acid inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV: determinants of potencyand in vivo efficacy and safety. J Med Chem. 2008 Oct 9;51(19):6005-13. [2]. Okondo MC, et al. DPP8 and DPP9 inhibition induces pro-caspase-1-dependent monocyte and macrophage pyroptosis. Nat Chem Biol. 2017 Jan;13(1):46-53. [3]. Adams S, et al. PT-100, a small molecule dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor, has potent antitumor effects and augments antibody-mediated cytotoxicity via a novel immune mechanism. Cancer Res. 2004 Aug 1;64(15):5471-80. [4]. Egger C, et al. Effects of the fibroblast activation protein inhibitor, PT100, in a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017 Aug 15;809:64-72.

Betulonic acid (Liquidambaric acid) 是一种在许多植物中存在的三萜类天然产物，具有抗肿瘤，抗炎，抗寄生虫和抗病毒的活性。

Talniflumate (Somalgen) 是一种钙激活氯离子通道 (hCLCA1 mCLCA3) 阻滞剂，可减少动物模型和细胞培养中的粘蛋白合成和释放。它通过抑制环氧合酶，并抑制 Cl- HCO3- 交换活性，具有抗炎作用。它还增加了远端肠梗阻综合征囊性纤维化小鼠模型的存活率。

ZM600 作为一种有效且具口服活性的抗肝纤维化化合物,能够显著降低collagen I、α-SMA、p-p65的蛋白表达水平,显示出其在肝纤维化研究中的应用潜力.

PDE1-IN-7 (Compound 13h) 作为bPDE1的选择性抑制剂（IC50=10 nM），在BDL诱导的肝纤维化大鼠模型中展现了显著的抗纤维化活性。该化合物主要用于研究肝纤维化的治疗潜力。

TGFβ-IN-2 (Compound 9d) effectively inhibits the accumulation of total collagen induced by TGF-β in NRK-49F cells, with an IC 50 value of 4.31 μM. It also suppresses the in vitro protein expression of COL1A1, α-SMA, and p-Smad3, which are induced by TGF-β. Additionally, TGFβ-IN-2 shows promise as a potential anti-fibrosis compound for in vivo applications through oral administration [1].

Vixarelimab (KPL-716) 是一种人源的抗 oncostatin M (OSM)单克隆抗体，对 OSM 受体的β链有亲和力，对 IL-31 和 OSM 的信号传导有抑制作用。Vixarelimab 可用于研究重度结节性痒疹和特发性肺纤维化。

JNK-1-IN-5 (Compound 14) 是一种高效的JNK1抑制剂，表现出亚纳摩尔效应，并能抑制TGF-β诱导的上皮-间质转化。该化合物在作为JNK1抗肺纤维化剂的研究中具有潜力。