TRAP-6 peptide is a hexapeptide corresponding to residues 42-47 of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). It acts as an agonist of PAR1, inducing platelet aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma ex vivo (EC50 = 0.8 μM). TRAP-6 (0.3 and 0.6 mg kg) has a triphasic effect on mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) in anesthetized rats with a short decrease, an increase, and then a longer decrease in MAP following intravenous administration.
2-chloro Palmitic acid is a monochlorinated form of palmitic acid . It is produced in a myeloperoxidase (MPO) and time-dependent manner in neutrophils stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate . 2-chloro Palmitic acid (10 μM) induces neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation (NETosis) in human neutrophils, increasing DNA release from neutrophils, colocalization of MPO with extracellular DNA (ecDNA), and trapping of E. coli. It increases COX-2 protein levels in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) when used at a concentration of 50 μM and increases production of P-selectin, von Willebrand factor, and angiopoietin-2 in HCAECs, as well as neutrophil and platelet adherence, when used at a concentration of 10 μM. 2-chloro Palmitic acid (10-50 μM) also induces apoptosis in THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes and increases caspase-3 activity in THP-1 cells.
CYPMPO is a free radical spin trap with excellent trapping capabilities toward hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in biological and chemical systems. Decay of the superoxide adduct of CYPMPO proceeds in an apparent first order fashion with half-lives of 15 and 51 minutes in a UV-illuminated hydrogen peroxide solution and a hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system, respectively. CYPMPO traps superoxide radicals generated by bovine neutrophils as effectively as DEPMPO.[1] The high melting point (126°C), low hygroscopic properties, and long shelf-life in aqueous solutions offer significant practical advantages for use of CYPMPO over DEPMPO and DMPO.
Thrombin receptor agonist peptide (TRAP-14) is a 14-amino acid peptide agonist of the α-thrombin receptor. It induces aggregation of washed platelets as well as platelets in citrated and hirudin plasma. TRAP-14 (100 μM) increases the cytosolic calcium concentration in isolated guinea pig pulmonary smooth muscle cells 5-fold over baseline. It increases pulmonary arterial pressure in isolated guinea pig lung when used at a concentration of 1 μM, which is comparable to the effect induced by 10 nM α-thrombin. TRAP-14 also induces contraction of isolated rat aortic rings and increases endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels in a dose-dependent manner, an effect that is reversed by the ETA antagonist BQ-123 and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NNA .
9(Z)-Pentacosene is a cuticular hydrocarbon and insect sex hormone.1,2,3 It is found in the cuticle of female F. canicularis flies and is an attractant to males in a trap assay.1 9(Z)-Pentacosene is a contact sex hormone in scarab beetles and locust borers that is more abundant in females than males.2,3 It elicits arrestment, alignment, and mounting by males of both species in mating assays but only elicits copulation by the locust borer. 9(Z)-Pentacosene is also produced by the orchid O. exaltata and by C. cunicularius, a pollinator of O. exaltata.4