Porcine dynorphin A (1-13) is a potent, endogenous κ-opioid receptor agonist that exhibits antinociceptive effects at physiological concentrations. Exposure to dynorphin A (1-13) causes acute increases in [Ca2+]i inindividual neurons, similar to increases observed with acute exposure to other agents.
Cell-permeable calmodulin (CaM) agonist that binds to the EF-hand Ca2+-binding site; produces CaM-dependent activation of phosphodiesterase. Also binds to cytoplasmic sites on other Ca2+ channels, including NMDA and HIV-1 gp120-activated channels, inhibit