eosinophils

Theophylline monohydrate (Quibron) 似乎抑制磷酸二酯酶和前列腺素的产生，调节钙通量和细胞内钙分布，并拮抗腺苷。茶碱是黄嘌呤的天然生物碱衍生物，从植物山茶花和小粒咖啡中分离出来。在生理上，该药剂可放松支气管平滑肌，产生血管舒张（脑血管除外），刺激中枢神经系统，刺激心肌，利尿，增加胃酸分泌；它还可以抑制炎症并改善横膈膜的收缩性。

YM-90709是新型的能够抑制IL-5与IL-5受体结合的拮抗剂, 。

Enoximone 是一种选择性的，具有口服活性的磷酸二酯酶 III 抑制剂，也是正性肌力血管舒张剂。它通过抑制 cGMP 抑制的 PDE 来诱导血管舒张并增加细胞内 cAMP 水平。它还表现出 PDE4抑制作用，对心肌 PDE4A 的 IC50为 21.1 μM。它用于充血性心力衰竭的研究，并具有支气管扩张，抗哮喘和抗炎作用。

Benralizumab (MEDI-563) 是一种靶向白介素 5 受体 α (IL-5Rα) 单克隆抗体，通过增强抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性促使嗜酸性粒细胞快速进行反应。Benralizumab 可用于严重的嗜酸性哮喘，可用于预防慢性阻塞性肺病加重。

Adriforant (PF-3893787,ZPL-3893797,阿屈仑特)是一种竞争性的H4(histamine receptor 4)拮抗剂，拮抗组胺诱导的ERK磷酸化，使肥大细胞中组胺诱导的转录变化正常化，并降低神经元中组胺依赖性Ca 2+ 通量，可减轻小鼠瘙痒和皮肤

CGP 20376 是一种苯并噻唑化合物，是一种驱虫剂，对嗜酸性粒细胞呼吸爆发的双重剂量依赖性调节体外作用，具有抗纤特性。

Etiprednol dicloacetate (BNP-166) 是一种具有抗炎活性的皮质类固醇，可有效降低了脂多糖刺激淋巴细胞中的细胞因子产生，并减弱了凝集素诱导的组织培养中血液单核细胞的增殖。Etiprednol dicloacetate 抑制嗜酸性粒细胞的积累，可用于哮喘等炎症性气管疾病的研究和治疗克罗恩病。

5-OxoETE (5-KETE) 是一种多不饱和脂肪酸衍生物，是嗜酸性粒细胞的趋化因子，是肠易激综合征的潜在生物标志物。5-OxoETE 通过磷脂酶 C（PLC）和百日咳毒素依赖性机制选择性刺激非肽能、异凝集素 B4 （IB4） 阳性 DRG 神经元，可用于研究哮喘、癌症和心血管疾病。

Epinastine (WAL801) 是一种抗组胺剂和肥大细胞稳定剂。Epinastine 是一种有效的，选择性的，口服活性的组胺 H1 受体 (histamine H1 receptor) 拮抗剂。Epinastine 还抑制人嗜酸性粒细胞释放 IL-8 并具有抗过敏作用。

Flunisolide hemihydrate 是一种皮质类固醇，是一种口服具有活力的糖皮质激素受体 (Glucocorticoid receptor) 激活剂，具有抗炎作用。Flunisolide hemihydrate 能够诱导嗜酸性粒细胞凋亡 (apoptosis)，能够用于研究哮喘或鼻炎、炎症。

Imetit dihydrobromide is a high affinity and effective agonist of histamine H3 and H4 receptors (Ki: 0.3 and 2.7 nM). Imetit mimics the histamine effect in triggering a shape change in eosinophils (EC50: 25 nM).

Timapiprant sodium inhibits mast cell activation of Th2 lymphocytes and eosinophils. Timapiprant sodium is a potent and selective D prostanoid receptor 2 antagonist. Timapiprant sodium potently displaces [3H] PGD2 from human recombinant DP2 (Ki=13 nM), ra

TAK-661 是一种抑制嗜酸性粒细胞趋化性 (eosinophil chemotaxis) 的化合物。该化合物能有效缓解晚期支气管收缩，并抑制在支气管肺泡灌洗 (BAL) 过程中嗜酸性粒细胞的增多，以及其向气道壁的浸润。

JNJ 10191584 maleate (VUF6002 maleate) 是一种具有口服活性的选择性 H4 受体拮抗剂 (Ki = 26 nM)。 JNJ 10191584 maleate 抑制嗜酸性粒细胞和肥大细胞的趋化性(IC50 = 530 nM 和 138 nM)。

A1777, a selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, reduces leukocytes proliferation without affecting the eosinophils of mast cells.

Setipiprant (ACT-129968) 是一种口服的选择性 CRTH2 拮抗剂，IC50为6.0 nM。

β-Defensin-4 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It induces migration of monocytes in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 nM but does not affect migration of neutrophils and eosinophils. β-Defensin-4 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-4 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose. It also inhibits growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus with lethal concentration (LC) values of 5, 12, and 15 μM, respectively, of S. carnosus (MIC = 4.5 μg/ml), and of C. albicans with a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 7.5 μM.

PAR2 (1-6) amide is a synthetic peptide agonist of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) that corresponds to residues 1-6 of the amino terminal tethered ligand sequence of human PAR2 and residues 37-42 of the full-length sequence.1It binds to NCTC 2544 cells expressing human PAR2 (Ki= 9.64 μM in a radioligand binding assay) and induces calcium mobilization in the same cells (EC50= 0.075 μM).2PAR2 (1-6) amide (100 μM) reduces colony formation of A549 lung cancer cells.1It induces superoxide production and degranulation in isolated human eosinophils when used at a concentration of 500 μM.3PAR2 (1-6) amide (5 μmol kg) induces tear secretion in rats when used in combination with amastatin .4 1.Bohm, S.K., Kong, W., Bromme, D., et al.Molecular cloning, expression and potential functions of the human proteinase-activated receptor-2Biochem. J.314(Pt 3)1009-1016(1996) 2.Kanke, T., Ishiwata, H., Kabeya, M., et al.Binding of a highly potent protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) activating peptide, [3H]2-furoyl-LIGRL-NH2, to human PAR2Br. J. Pharmacol.145(2)255-263(2005) 3.Miike, S., McWilliam, A.S., and Kita, H.Trypsin induces activation and inflammatory mediator release from human eosinophils through protease-activated receptor-2J. Immunol.167(11)6615-6622(2001) 4.Nishikawa, H., Kawai, K., Tanaka, M., et al.Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2)-related peptides induce tear secretion in rats: Involvement of PAR-2 and non-PAR-2 mechanismsJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.312(2)324-331(2005)

(±)5-HEPE is produced by non-enzymatic oxidation of EPA. It contains equal amounts of 5(S)-HEPE and 5(R)-HEPE. The biological activity of (±)5-HEPE is likely mediated by one of the individual isomers, most commonly the 5(S) isomer in mammalian systems. EPA can be metabolized to 5-HEPE in human and bovine neutrophils, and human eosinophils, which is further metabolized to 5-oxoEPE and LTB5. The 5-series metabolites of EPA, namely 5-HEPE, 5-oxoEPE, and LTB5, have significantly decreased biological effects compared to the arachidonic acid-derived metabolites.

14,15-Leukotriene D4 (14,15-LTD4) is a member of an alternate class of LTs synthesized by a pathway involving the dual actions of 15- and 12-lipoxygenases (15- and 12-LOs) on arachidonic acid via 15-HpETE and 14,15-LTA4 intermediates. 14,15-LTD4 is classified as an eoxin (EXD4), because it is formed mostly by eosinophils. However, mast cells and nasal polyps can synthesize 14,15-LTD4 as well. Little is known about the physiological actions of 14,15-LTD4. It has weak contractile activity on both guinea pig ileum and pulmonary parenchyma in contrast to the effects of 5-LO-derived LTs. However, in an in vitro permeability assay, 14,15-LTD4 can increase vascular permeability of human endothelial cell monolayers, with similar potency to that of 5-LO-derived LTs, resulting in plasma leakage, a hallmark of inflammation.

Leukotrienes (LTs) are a group of acute inflammatory mediators derived from arachidonic acid in leukocytes. The majority of these metabolites are formed through the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway. 14,15-LTE4 is a metabolite of 14,15-LTC4 and 14,15-LTD4, an alternate class of LTs synthesized by a pathway involving the dual actions of 15- and 12-LOs on arachidonic acid via 15-HpETE and 14,15-LTA4 intermediates. These metabolites are classified as eoxins because they are formed mostly by eosinophils. Mast cells and nasal polyps can synthesize 14,15-LTC4 as well, however metabolism to 14,15-LTE4 in these cells and tissue has not been documented. 14,15-LTE4 increases vascular permeability of human endothelial cell monolayers with about 10-fold less potency than LTC4, but approximately 100-fold greater potency than histamine.

9(S),12(S),13(S)-TriHOME is a linoleic acid-derived oxylipin that has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4It has been found in various plants and is produced in human eosinophils in a 15-lipoxygenase-dependent, soluble epoxide hydrolase-independent manner.1,59(S),12(S)13(S)-TriHOME inhibits antigen-induced β-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 mast cells (IC50= 28.7 μg ml).2It inhibits LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in BV-2 microglia (IC50= 40.95 μM).3In vivo, 9(S),12(S),13(S)-TriHOME (1 g animal) enhances the antiviral IgA and IgG antibody responses induced by a nasal influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine by 5.2- and 2-fold, respectively, in mice.4 1.Hamberg, M., and Hamberg, G.Peroxygenase-catalyzed fatty acid epoxidation in cereal seeds: Sequential oxidation of linoleic acid into 9(S),12(S),13(S)-trihydroxy-10(E)-octadecenoic acidPlant Physiol.110(3)807-815(1996) 2.Hong, S.S., and Oh, J.S.Inhibitors of antigen-induced degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells isolated from wheat branJ. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem.5569-74(2012) 3.Kim, C.S., Kwon, O.W., Kim, S.Y., et al.Five new oxylipins from Chaenomeles sinensisLipids49(11)1151-1159(2014) 4.Shirahata, T., Sunazuka, T., Yoshida, K., et al.Total synthesis, elucidation of absolute stereochemistry, and adjuvant activity of trihydroxy fatty acidsTetrahedron62(40)9483-9496(2006) 5.Fuchs, D., Tang, X., Johnsson, A.-K., et al.Eosinophils synthesize trihydroxyoctadecenoic acids (TriHOMEs) via a 15-lipoxygenase dependent processBiochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids1865(4)158611(2020)

BLX3887 is an inhibitor of 15-lipoxygenase type 1 (15-LO-1; IC50 = 32 nM in a cell-free enzyme assay).1 It is selective for 15-LO-1 over 15-LO-2, which it does not inhibit, 5-LO (IC50 = 472 nM), and 12-LO (IC50 = 3,310 nM). BLX3887 inhibits the production of 15-LO metabolites selectively in eosinophils over neutrophils when used at a concentration of 10 μM. It also inhibits endocytosis in, and the migration of, isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived dendritic cells in vitro. |1. Archambault, A.-S., Turcotte, C., Martin, C., et al. Comparison of eight 15-lipoxygenase (LO) inhibitors on the biosynthesis of 15-LO metabolites by human neutrophils and eosinophils. PLoS One 13(8), e0202424 (2018).

11-trans Leukotriene C4 (11-trans LTC4) is a C-11 double bond isomer of LTC4. LTC4 undergoes slow temperature-dependent isomerization to 11-trans LTC4 during storage. 11-trans LTC4 is produced in smaller amounts relative to LTC4 in ionophore-stimulated HMC-1 cells (a human mast cell line) and equine eosinophils, but not in human neutrophils or RBL-1 cells. It is nearly equipotent with LTC4 for contraction of guinea pig parenchymal and ileum. In a radioligand binding assay using guinea pig ileum as a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor preparation, the pKis for LTC4 and 11-trans LTC4 were determined to be 6.42 and 6.58, respectively.