carcinogenesis

Xanthone (Xanthenone) 是一种从山竹果中分离得到的天然产物，具有抗炎，抗氧化，抗肿瘤，抗过敏，抗细菌，抗真菌和抗病毒活性。在癌变的不同阶段可控制细胞分裂和生长，凋亡，炎症和转移。

Neohesperidin (NSC-31048) 是一种类黄酮化合物，存在于葫芦科植物中，具有抗氧化和抗炎活性。

1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol 是一种在 sn-1 位含有硬脂酸的单酰甘油。在偶氮甲烷诱发的小鼠结肠直肠癌模型中，肿瘤组织中的 1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol水平降低。1-Stearoyl-rac-glycerol 已被用于大鼠透皮递送阿霉素的传递体的组成，导致阿霉素在淋巴结、脾脏和心脏中积聚。

Auraptene 是一种丰富的天然香叶氧基香豆素。它能够抑制基质金属蛋白酶 2 以及关键炎症因子，包括 IL-6，IL-8 和趋化因子 (C-C 基序) 配体-5 (CCL5）的分泌。

3-Methoxycatechol 是一种木质素衍生的可再生化学品，可促进食管发生癌变。1,2-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzen 对脑脊髓炎病毒（EMCV）表现出很强的抗病毒活性.

Calcium D-saccharate tetrahydrate (Calcium D-saccharate tetrahydrate) 是一种氧化的非环状己糖。它可以抑制癌细胞的癌变和增殖。

Ethyl trans-caffeate (Caffeic Acid Ethyl Ester) 具有抗炎作用。 它是一种有前途的天然化合物，未来在慢性肝病中的应用。它是一种有效的化学预防化合物，可防止因太阳紫外线照射引起的皮肤癌变。它是与人胰腺α-淀粉酶复合的代表性抑制剂的高分辨率结构。 它强烈抑制 JB6 Cl41细胞的肿瘤转化，无毒性。 PI3K、ERK1 2 和 p38 激酶活性在体外通过与 HOEC 直接结合而受到抑制。

Amarogentin 是要从 Swertia 和 Gentiana 根中提取的裂环烯醚萜苷，有抗氧化、抗肿瘤和抗糖尿病活性，具有保肝和免疫调节作用。它通过激活 AMPK 发挥有益的血管代谢作用。它促进细胞凋亡，阻止 G2 M 细胞周期和下调 PI3K Akt mTOR 信号通路。

Arecaidine hydrochloride 是一种具有高效 GABA 吸收抑制功能的吡啶生物碱。它是 H+偶联的氨基酸转运蛋白 1 (PAT1，SLC36A1) 的底物，能够竞争性抑制 L-脯氨酸的摄取。

Ki16198 是一种可口服的 LPA 受体拮抗剂，是 Ki16425 的甲酯衍生物。它抑制 LPA1 和 LPA3 诱导的肌醇磷酸的Ki值分别为 0.34 和 0.93 μM，可用于胰腺癌发生和转移的研究。

Ganoderic acid F 是一种灵芝酸。它具有抗肿瘤和抗转移的活性，与抑制血管生成和涉及细胞增殖和细胞死亡，致癌作用，氧化应激，钙信号传导和内质网应激的蛋白质改变等机制相关。

Allocholic acid 是一种胆汁酸，在脊椎动物中发现，在肝脏再生和致癌过程中会重新出现，也是成熟嗅觉系统的特定性刺激物。

CD 1530 是一种具有选择性和有效性的 RARγ激动剂(Kd:150 nM)，具有潜在的抗癌活性，对秀丽隐杆线虫显示出杀虫活性，可用于研究口腔癌变。

2'-Deoxyguanosine (Guanine deoxyriboside) 是一种嘌呤核苷，可被2'-dG-II家族的成员识别。2'-Deoxyguanosine 与衰老、突变和致癌有关，可被分子氧氧化。

Alyssin is a sulforaphane homolog and antioxidant. It induces phase II enzymes and increases Nrf2 levels in adenocarcinoma cells. It decreases the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, supressing the risk of carcinogenesis in vitro.

ONO-1714 is a inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2) inhibitor. ONO-1714 reduces hyperoxic lung injury in mice. ONO-1714 attenuates inflammation-related large bowel carcinogenesis in male Apc(Min +) mice. ONO-1714 also inhibits neuronal NOS and exerts an

TBE-31 is a highly potent activator of Nrf2, a liver carcinogenesis blocker and a potent phase 2 cytoprotective pathway inducer.

4-hydroxy Nonenal is a lipid peroxidation product derived from oxidized ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid and linoleic acid. [1] [2] It exhibits various biological activities such as cytotoxicity, growth inhibiting activity, genotoxicity, and chemotactic activity and has been widely used as a marker of lipid peroxidation.[1][2][3] 4-oxo-2-Nonenal is a more recently identified product of lipid peroxidation.[4][5][6] It actively modifies histidine and lysine residues on proteins and causes protein cross-linking. [7][8] 4-oxo-2-Nonenal also modifies 2’-deoxyguanosine, further implicating lipid peroxidation in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.[4]

Carotenoid mixture is a mixture of carotenoids that contains the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory carotenoid capsanthin and the antioxidative vitamin A precursor β-carotene , as well as additional carotenoids and carotenoid esters.1,2,3,4 1.Kim, J.S., Lee, W.M., Rhee, H.C., et al.Red paprika (Capsicum annuum L.) and its main carotenoids, capsanthin and β-carotene, prevent hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of gap-junction intercellular communicationChem. Biol. Interact.254146-155(2016) 2.Narisawa, T., Fukaura, Y., Hasebe, M., et al.Prevention of N-methylnitrosourea-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats by oxygenated carotenoid capsanthin and capsanthin-rich paprika juiceProc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.224(2)116-122(2000) 3.Horie, S., Okuda, C., T., Y., et al.Purified canola lutein selectively inhibits specific isoforms of mammalian DNA polymerases and reduces inflammatory responseLipids45(8)713-721(2010) 4.Negishi, H., Ueda, Y., and Azuma, M.Antioxidant fat-soluble vitamins and lipid peroxides in serumJ. Clin. Biochem. Nutr.26227-234(1999)

Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide with anti-aging properties.1,2,3,4 Dietary administration of epitalon (0.00001% w w) reduces levels of lipid peroxidation products in aged D. melanogaster tissue homogenates.1 Epitalon (1 μg animal) delays age-related estrous shutdown and decreases the frequency of bone marrow cell chromosomal aberrations in female mice.2 It decreases spontaneous mammary gland and ovarian tumor development and metastasis in aged female mice.3 Epitalon also stimulates melatonin synthesis and normalizes the circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion in senescent female M. mulatta monkeys.4References1. Khavinson, V.K., and Myl'nikov, S.V. Effect of epithalone on the age-specific changes in the time course of lipid peroxidation in Drosophila melanogaster. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 130(11), 1116-1119 (2000).2. Anisimov, V.N., Khavinson, V.K., Popovich, I.G., et al. Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice. Biogerontology 4(4), 193-202 (2003).3. Kossoy, G., Anisimov, V.N., Ben-Hur, H., et al. Effect of the synthetic pineal peptide epitalon on spontaneous carcinogenesis in female C3H He mice. In Vivo 20(2), 253-257 (2006).4. Khavinson, V., Goncharova, N., and Lapin, B. Synthetic tetrapeptide epitalon restores disturbed neuroendocrine regulation in senescent monkeys. Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett. 22(4), 251-254 (2001). Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide with anti-aging properties.1,2,3,4 Dietary administration of epitalon (0.00001% w w) reduces levels of lipid peroxidation products in aged D. melanogaster tissue homogenates.1 Epitalon (1 μg animal) delays age-related estrous shutdown and decreases the frequency of bone marrow cell chromosomal aberrations in female mice.2 It decreases spontaneous mammary gland and ovarian tumor development and metastasis in aged female mice.3 Epitalon also stimulates melatonin synthesis and normalizes the circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion in senescent female M. mulatta monkeys.4 References1. Khavinson, V.K., and Myl'nikov, S.V. Effect of epithalone on the age-specific changes in the time course of lipid peroxidation in Drosophila melanogaster. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 130(11), 1116-1119 (2000).2. Anisimov, V.N., Khavinson, V.K., Popovich, I.G., et al. Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice. Biogerontology 4(4), 193-202 (2003).3. Kossoy, G., Anisimov, V.N., Ben-Hur, H., et al. Effect of the synthetic pineal peptide epitalon on spontaneous carcinogenesis in female C3H He mice. In Vivo 20(2), 253-257 (2006).4. Khavinson, V., Goncharova, N., and Lapin, B. Synthetic tetrapeptide epitalon restores disturbed neuroendocrine regulation in senescent monkeys. Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett. 22(4), 251-254 (2001).

Collinin is a coumarin that has been found in Z. schinifolium and has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4 It is active against drug-susceptible and -resistant strains of M. tuberculosis (MIC50s = 3.13-6.25 μg/ml).1 Collinin inhibits LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production (IC50 = 5.9 μM) and reduces COX-2 protein levels in RAW 264.7 cells.2 It completely inhibits aggregation of isolated rabbit platelets induced by arachidonic acid , collagen, or platelet activating factor (PAF) when used at a concentration of 100 μM.3 Dietary administration of collinin (0.05% w/w) reduces the number of mice with tumors and the number of tumors per mouse in a mouse model of colitis-related carcinogenesis.4 |1. Kim, S., Seo, H., Al Mahmud, H., et al. In vitro activity of collinin isolated from the leaves of Zanthoxylum schinifolium against multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Phytomedicine 46, 104-110 (2018).|2. Nguyen, P.-H., Zhao, B.T., Kim, O., et al. Anti-inflammatory terpenylated coumarins from the leaves of Zanthoxylum schinifolium with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. J. Nat. Med. 70(2), 276-281 (2016).|3. I.S., C., Lin, Y.C., Tsai, I.L., et al. Coumarins and anti-platelet aggregation constituents from Zanthoxylum schinifolium. Phytochemistry 39(5), 1091-1097 (1995).|4. Kohno, H., Suzuki, R., Curini, M., et al. Dietary administration with prenyloxycoumarins, auraptene and collinin, inhibits colitis-related colon carcinogenesis in mice. Int. J. Cancer 118(12), 2936-2942 (2006).

DL-Homocysteine (2-Amino-4-mercaptobutyric acid) 是弱神经毒素，能够影响犬尿酸的产生。

5'-Deoxyadenosine (5′-dAdo) 是正常受试者尿液中发现的氧化核苷，氧化核苷代表了用于确定遗传物质损伤程度的生物标志物。

CJ-463 is a potent ans selective uPA inhibitor. Treatment with CJ-463 resulted in a significant inhibition of primary tumor growth, with the highest efficacy seen in the 100 mg kg group. Urokinase (uPA) plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis by facilitating tumor cell invasion and metastasis. CJ-463 may be a novel agent for treatment of lung cancer.