g protein-coupled receptors

CID 2745687 是一种对人类 GPR35 具有中等效力、浓度依赖性的拮抗剂，其 pIC50 为 6.70。CID 2745687 无法在体外有效拮抗 Zaprinast 或 Cromolyn disodium 在啮齿动物 GPR35 同源物上的激动作用[1]。然而，CID 2745687 在小鼠体内能够逆转 Lodoxamide 介导的抗纤维化效果[2]。

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) 是 S1P1-5 受体 (S1P1-5 receptors) 的激动剂和 GPR3、GPR6、GPR12 的配体。Sphingosine-1-phosphate 是细胞内的第二信使，动员 Ca2+ 作为 G 蛋白偶联受体的细胞外配体。Sphingosine-1-phosphate 是由鞘磷脂或其他膜磷脂生成的重要脂质介质。

Higenamine hydrochloride (norcoclaurine HCl) 是一种 β2-AR 激动剂，是用于心力衰竭相关研究的中药乌头的关键成分，具有抗凋亡活性。

MS67 is a potent and selective degrader of the WD40 repeat domain protein 5 (WDR5) with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 63 nM. It exhibits no activity against protein methyltransferases, kinases, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), ion channels, and transporters. Notably, MS67 demonstrates significant anticancer properties.

N-phenylthiophene-2-carboximidamide 是一种噻吩衍生物，可以作为蛋白酪氨酸激酶（PTKs）的抑制剂和 G 蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）的配体发挥作用。

Vasopressin acetate 是一种环状九肽，在下丘脑中枢合成。 Vasopressin acetate 作为一种神经递质，通过与特定的 G 蛋白偶联受体结合发挥其作用。

Protein Kinase C Peptide Substrate acetate(120253-69-2 free base) 以依赖于第二信使和特定衔接蛋白的方式靶向特定细胞间隔物，以响应激活 g 蛋白偶联受体、酪氨酸激酶受体或酪氨酸激酶偶联受体的细胞外信号。

BAM (8-22) acetate 是脑啡肽原 A 的蛋白水解产物。BAM (8-22) acetate 可激活 Mas 相关的 G 蛋白偶联受体 (Mrgprs)、MrgprC11 和 hMrgprX1，并以 Mrgpr 依赖性方式诱导小鼠抓挠。

Anandamide ((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenamide) 是一种免疫调节剂，通过大麻素受体 CB1 和 CB2 起作用，还通过中枢神经系统中的其他靶点起作用，如 GPR18 GPR55。

1-Stearoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate sodium 作为一种功能性磷脂，主要在膜磷脂的合成过程中由多种细胞类型生成，如活化血小板、上皮细胞、白细胞、神经元和肿瘤细胞。这种化合物在血浆中的常见浓度约为100nM，通过与 G 蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）的相互作用，对细胞的活动、增殖、侵袭、生存及生长因子的产生等多个关键生理过程具有调控作用。其分子结构特征为sn-1位置的硬脂酸和sn-2位置的羟基。

Vasopressin-d5 TFA为Vasopressin-d5的TFA盐形式，并作为Vasopressin的同位素标记物。Vasopressin本身是一种在下丘脑中部合成的环状九肽。它参与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴中的功能，通过加强对促皮质素释放因子的刺激，从而调控垂体的促皮质素分泌。此外，Vasopressin还能作为神经递质，通过与特定的G蛋白偶联受体相结合来发挥作用。

AB-FUBICA (Compound 13) 是一种作用于CB1和CB2受体的激动剂，通过结合这些受体并激活 G 蛋白偶联的内向整流钾通道 (GIRK)，表现出显著的类大麻作用。此化合物对CB1受体的EC50为21 nM，对CB2受体的EC50为15 nM。AB-FUBICA 可能可用于疼痛管理、神经退行性疾病和炎症机制方面的研究。

EP-3945是Mas相关G蛋白偶联受体 (MRGPR) 的激动剂，其效力超过MRGPRD小分子激动剂β-Alanine。MRGPR在炎症瘙痒和疼痛感知中扮演重要角色，同时与Gq结合（MRGPRX2、MRGPRX4、MRGPRX1与Gq偶联；MRGPRX2、MRGPRD与Gi偶联），测得EP-3945对Gq的EC50为211.6 nM。

Somatostatin RC 102 is a peptide hormone. It regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation via interaction with G protein-coupled somatostatin receptors and inhibition of the release of numerous secondary hormones.

SPM-242 is an orthosteric agonist of Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and a bitopic antagonist. S1P is a lysophospholipid signaling molecule that regulates important biological functions, including vascular development and lymphocyte trafficking, by activat

Kisspeptin-54 is a peptide ligand of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 (Kis = 1.81 and 1.45 nM for rat and human receptors, respectively).1 It is a 54 amino acid peptide encoded by the metastasis suppressor gene KISS-1. Kisspeptin-54 induces calcium mobilization in CHO-K1 cells expressing rat and human receptors (EC50s = 1.39 and 5.47 nM, respectively). It also induces arachidonic acid release in CHO cells expressing rat and human GPR54 in a concentration-dependent manner. Kisspeptin-54 (10-1,000 nM) inhibits insulin secretion from isolated mouse pancreatic β-cells in the presence of 2.8 mM, but not 11.1 mM, glucose.2 Kisspeptin-54 (1-5 nmol, i.c.v.) increases serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) in mice, an effect which is reversed by the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) antagonist acycline.3References1. Kotani, M., Detheux, M., Vandenbogaerde, A.L., et al. The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. J. Biol. Chem. 276(37), 34631-34636 (2001).2. Vikman, J., and Ahrén, B. Inhibitory effect of kisspeptins on insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 11(Suppl 4), 197-201 (2009).3. Gottsch, M.L., Cunningham, M.J., Smith, J.T., et al. A role for kisspeptins in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the mouse. Endocrinology 145(9), 4073-4077 (2004). Kisspeptin-54 is a peptide ligand of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 (Kis = 1.81 and 1.45 nM for rat and human receptors, respectively).1 It is a 54 amino acid peptide encoded by the metastasis suppressor gene KISS-1. Kisspeptin-54 induces calcium mobilization in CHO-K1 cells expressing rat and human receptors (EC50s = 1.39 and 5.47 nM, respectively). It also induces arachidonic acid release in CHO cells expressing rat and human GPR54 in a concentration-dependent manner. Kisspeptin-54 (10-1,000 nM) inhibits insulin secretion from isolated mouse pancreatic β-cells in the presence of 2.8 mM, but not 11.1 mM, glucose.2 Kisspeptin-54 (1-5 nmol, i.c.v.) increases serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) in mice, an effect which is reversed by the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) antagonist acycline.3 References1. Kotani, M., Detheux, M., Vandenbogaerde, A.L., et al. The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. J. Biol. Chem. 276(37), 34631-34636 (2001).2. Vikman, J., and Ahrén, B. Inhibitory effect of kisspeptins on insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 11(Suppl 4), 197-201 (2009).3. Gottsch, M.L., Cunningham, M.J., Smith, J.T., et al. A role for kisspeptins in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the mouse. Endocrinology 145(9), 4073-4077 (2004).

C16 Lactosylceramide is an endogenous bioactive sphingolipid. It forms membrane microdomains with Lyn kinase and the αi subunits of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), suggesting a role in cell signaling. Plasma levels of C16 lactosylceramide are elevated in insulin-resistant cattle. C16 Lactosylceramide is also upregulated in a mouse model of Niemann-Pick type C1 disease, a neurodegenerative cholesterol-sphingolipid lysosomal storage disorder.

Prostaglandin E2 activates four distinct G protein-coupled receptors, EP1-4. Rivenprost is a potent and selective agonist for the EP4 receptor (Ki = 0.7, 56, 620, and >10,000 nM for EP4, EP3, EP2, and EP1, respectively). It has been used to promote EP4-mediated bone formation, prevent bone loss related to osteoporosis, drive osteoblast differentiation, and stabilize bone implants.[1][2][3][4][5] Rivenprost has also been used to support wound healing.[6]

RWJ-56110 dihydrochloride is a potent, selective, peptide-mimetic inhibitor of PAR-1 activation and internalization (binding IC50=0.44 uM) and shows no effect on PAR-2, PAR-3, or PAR-4. RWJ-56110 dihydrochloride inhibits the aggregation of human platelets induced by both SFLLRN-NH2 (IC50=0.16 μM) and thrombin (IC50=0.34 μM), quite selective relative to U46619 . RWJ-56110 dihydrochloride blocks angiogenesis and blocks the formation of new vessels in vivo. RWJ-56110 dihydrochloride induces cell apoptosis[1][2]. Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors activated by the proteolytic cleavage of their N-terminal extracellular domain, exposing a new amino terminal sequence that functions as a tethered ligand to activate the receptors.RWJ56110 inhibits the aggregation of human platelets induced by both SFLLRN-NH2 (IC50=0.16 μM) and thrombin (IC50=0.34 μM) while being quite selective relative to collagen and the thromboxane mimetic U46619 [1].RWJ-56110 dihydrochloride is fully inhibits thrombin-induced RASMC proliferation with an IC50 value of 3.5 μM. RWJ-56110 dihydrochloride shows blockade of thrombin's action with RASMC calcium mobilization (IC50=0.12 μM), as well as with HMVEC (IC50=0.13 μM) and HASMC calcium mobilization (IC50=0.17 μM)[1].RWJ56110 (0.1-10 μM; 24-96 hours) inhibits endothelial cell growth dose-dependently, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration of RWJ56110 is approximately 10 μM[2].RWJ56110 (0.1-10 μM; 6 hours) inhibits DNA synthesis of endothelial cells in a thymidine incorporation assays. Endothelial cells are in fast-growing state (50-60% confluence), RWJ56110 inhibits cell DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner, but when cells that are in the quiescent state (100% confluent), the inhibitory effect of PAR-1 antagonists is much less pronounced[2].RWJ56110 (0.1-10 μM; pretreatment for 15 min) inhibits thrombin-induced Erk1 2 activation in a concentration-dependent manner. However, when endothelial cells are stimulated by FBS (final concentration 4%), it reduces partially the activated levels of Erk1 2[2].RWJ56110 (30 μM; 24 hours) has an inhibitory effect on endothelial cell cycle progression. It reduces the percentage of cells in the S phase, while alterations in the percentages of G1 and G2 M cells are less pronounced[2]. Western Blot Analysis[2] Cell Line: Endothelial cells [1]. Andrade-Gordon, et al.Design, synthesis, and biological characterization of a peptide-mimetic antagonist for a tethered-ligand receptor. oc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Oct 26;96(22):12257-62. [2]. Panagiota Zania, et al. Blockade of angiogenesis by small molecule antagonists to protease-activated receptor-1: association with endothelial cell growth suppression and induction of apoptosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006 Jul;318(1):246-54.

12(S)-HETrE是一种内源性代谢物，由血小板中的12-脂氧合酶（12-LOX）氧化ω-6 PUFA dihomo-γ-linolenic acid(DGLA)产生，作用于Gαs偶联的G蛋白偶联受体，具有抗血栓形成的作用，在心血管疾病具有潜在的治疗作用。12(S)-HETrE 在体外可抑制激动剂介导的血小板活化（IC50 = 40 μM）、α 颗粒分泌、整合素 αⅡbβ3 活化、Rap1 活化和凝血酶诱导的血块回缩。

1-Oleoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid (1-Oleoyl LPA) 是一种具有生物活性的磷脂，通过激活至少六种同源 G 蛋白偶联受体及其异源三聚体 G 蛋白的复杂网络，可以在肾脏的各种疾病状态下发挥多种生物效应。1-Oleoyl Lysophosphatidic Acid 促进 BV-2 和原代鼠小胶质细胞向 M1 样表型的极化,可用于研究癌症和动脉粥样硬化。

CXCR3 antagonist 6c is an antagonist of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3).1It inhibits calcium mobilization induced by chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 (CXCL11) in HEK293 cells expressing the human receptor (IC50= 0.06 μM). It is selective for CXCR3 over a panel of 14 human G protein-coupled receptors at 10 μM. CXCR3 antagonist 6c inhibits CXCR3-mediated migration of isolated human T cells (IC50= ~100 nM). 1.Cole, A.G., Stroke, I.L., Brescia, M.-R., et al.Identification and initial evaluation of 4-N-aryl-[1,4]diazepane ureas as potent CXCR3 antagonistsBioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.16(1)200-203(2006)

Lysosphingomyelin is an endogenous bioactive sphingolipid and a constituent of lipoproteins.1,2It is produced by the removal of the acyl group from sphingomyelin by a deacylase and acts as a precursor in the biosynthesis of sphingosine-1-phosphate . D-erythroLysosphingomyelin is an agonist of the S1P receptors S1P1, S1P2, and S1P3(EC50s = 167.7, 368.1, and 482.6 nM, respectively, for the human receptors).3It is also an agonist of the orphan receptor ovarian cancer G protein-coupled receptor 1 (ORG1) that induces calcium accumulation in cells overexpressing OGR1 (EC50= ~35 nM).4Levels of D-erythrolysosphingomyelin are increased in skin isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis, as well as postmortem brain from patients with Niemann-Pick disease type A, but not type B.2,5L-threolysosphingomyelin is also an S1P1-3agonist (EC50s = 19.3, 131.8, and 313.3 nM, respectively).3This product is a mixture of D-erythroand L-threolysosphingomyelin. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1321] 1.Ito, M., Kurita, T., and Kita, K.A novel enzyme that cleaves the N-acyl linkage of ceramides in various glycosphingolipids as well as sphingomyelin to produce their lyso formsJ. Biol. Chem.270(41)24370-24374(1995) 2.Nixon, G.F., Mathieson, F.A., and Hunter, I.The multi-functional role of sphingosylphosphorylcholineProg. Lipid Res.47(1)62-75(2008) 3.Im, D.-S., Clemens, J., Macdonald, T.L., et al.Characterization of the human and mouse sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor, S1P5 (Edg-8): Structure-activity relationship of sphingosine1-phosphate receptorsBiochemistry40(46)14053-14060(2001) 4.Meyer zu Heringdorf, D., Himmel, H.M., and Jakobs, K.H.Sphingosylphosphorylcholine-biological functions and mechanisms of actionBiochim. Biophys. Acta1582(1-3)178-189(2002) 5.Rodriguez-Lafrasse, C., and Vanier, M.T.Sphingosylphosphorylcholine in Niemann-Pick disease brain: Accumulation in type A but not in type BNeurochem. Res.24(2)199-205(1999)

1-Palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid (1-Palmitoyl LPA) is a LPA analog containing palmitic acid at the sn-1 position. LPA binds to one of five different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to mediate a variety of biological responses including cell proliferation, smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation, neurite retraction, and cell motility. In addition to playing a role in the aforementioned biological responses, 1-palmitoyl LPA enhances the action of β-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, piperacillin, and ceftazidime) on various strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen associated with pulmonary disease and pneumonia, via binding both Ca2+ and Mg2+.