Darinaparsin is a dimethylated arsenic linked to glutathione. It is cytotoxic to DU145, LNCaP, and PC3 prostate cancer cells (IC50s = 5-10 µM) and patient-derived primary prostate cancer cells (IC50s = 2.5-20 µM), as well as Jurkat T cell lymphoma and L540 Hodgkin lymphoma cells (IC50s = 2.7 and 1.3 µM, respectively). [1][2] It decreases the tumor-initiating subpopulation in DU145 and PC3 cells and halts the cell cycle in the G2 M phase. Darinaparsin decreases transcription of Gli-2, a transcription factor that mediates Sonic hedgehog signaling, when used at a concentration of 1.5 but not 3 µM. It decreases SHP1 phosphatase activity and increases ERK phosphorylation. [2] Darinaparsin reduces tumor growth in DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer mouse xenograft models when administered at a dose of 100 mg kg every other day.[1]
C2 Phytoceramide is a bioactive semisynthetic sphingolipid that inhibits formyl peptide-induced oxidant release (IC50 = 0.38 μM) in suspended polymorphonuclear cells. It increases COX-2 protein levels 15-fold through ERK signaling. It induces death of keratinocytes (20% viability) with an ED50 value of 30 μM, the same concentration at which 35% of cells in a TUNEL assay are apoptotic. C2 Phytoceramide also has antiproliferative effects in CHO cells, with greater than 80% cytotoxicity achieved at a concentration of 20 μM, and induces internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. In addition, it inhibits the activation of phospholipase D (PLD) mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in vitro.
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signal transduction pathway regulates a diverse array of cellular processes. These processes include cell survival, proliferation, motility, and differentiation and are constitutively activated in cancers involving lung, colon, pancreas, kidney, and ovary. CAY10561 is a potent, ATP-competitive inhibitor of ERK2 (Ki = 2 nM). This compound is highly selective for ERK2 compared to other kinases such as PKA (Ki = 0.39 μM) and JNK3 (Ki = 4 μM). CAY10561 inhibits proliferation of COLO 205 cells with an IC50 value of 0.54 μM.
Rineterkib hydrochloride (compound B) is an orally active RAF and ERK1 2 inhibitor in the treatment of a proliferative disease characterized by activating mutations in the MAPK pathway. The activity is particularly related to the treatment of KRAS-mutant NSCLC, BRAF-mutant NSCLC, KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer, KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer (CRC) and KRAS-mutant ovarian cancer[1]. ERK-IN-1 (compound B) (50, 75 mg kg, p.o., qd q2d, 27 days) treatment significantly reduces the tumor volume in the Calu-6 human NSCLC subcutaneous tumor xenograft model in mice[1]. [1]. CAPONIGRO, et al. THERAPEUTIC COMBINATIONS COMPRISING A RAF INHIBITOR AND A ERKINHIBITOR. WO2018051306A1.
ERK-IN-3 benzenesulfonate is a potent and orally active inhibitor of ERK . ERK-IN-3 benzenesulfonate inhibits ERK1 2 with low single-digit nM IC 50 values. ERK-IN-3 benzenesulfonate can be used for the research of cancers driven by RAS mutations.