dopaminergic neurons

Salidroside 是一种从红景天中分离出来的具有生物活性的酚苷化合物，是一种脯氨酰内肽酶抑制剂。Salidroside能通过激活 mTOR 信号缓解肿瘤恶病质小鼠模型中的恶病质症状，还能通过增强 PINK1/Parkin 介导的线粒体自噬来保护多巴胺能神经元。Salidroside也可以通过调节CDK4-cyclin D1通路阻滞G1期和/或调节Cdc2-cyclin B1通路阻滞G2期阻滞来抑制癌细胞的生长。

MPTP hydrochloride 是 MPP+ 的前体，是一种多巴胺神经毒素，也是 MPP⁺ 的前体，能诱导细胞凋亡，具有血脑屏障渗透性。MPTP hydrochloride 对多巴胺能神经元有毒，常用于帕金森症动物模型的构建。

SynuClean-D (SC-D) 是一种 α-突触核蛋白聚集的抑制剂，能够破坏成熟的淀粉样蛋白原纤维，抑制原纤维繁殖，防止帕金森氏病动物模型中多巴胺能神经元的变性。

Tiaspirone hydrochloride (BMY-13859 hydrochloride) 具有抗精神病活性。 Tiaspirone hydrochloride 影响大鼠大脑黑质致密带（A9 DA 细胞）和腹侧被盖区（A10 DA 细胞）多巴胺能神经元的电生理活性。

Oxidopamine hydrobromide（6-OHDA hydrobromide）是一种广泛使用的神经毒素，是神经递质多巴胺的拮抗剂，可选择性破坏多巴胺能神经元，促进COX-2激活，诱导PGE2合成及促炎因子IL-1β的分泌，常用于构建帕金森病（PD）动物模型。

MPP+ iodide 是一种神经毒素 MPTP 的有毒代谢物，也是一种 5-羟色胺转运体 (SERT) 的高亲和力底物。MPP+ iodide 对多巴胺能神经元有毒，可以在动物模型中导致帕金森症。

NS8593 hydrochloride (NS8593 HCl) 是选择性的 SK 通道抑制剂。它可逆抑制 SK3介导的电流，Kd 值为 77 nM。它抑制所有 SK1-3亚型的 Ca2+依赖性 (在 0.5 μM Ca2+时，Kd 分别为 0.42、0.60 和 0.73 μM)，并且不影响中间电导和大电导的钙激活钾通道。

Oxidopamine hydrochloride（6-Hydroxydopamine hydrochloride）是一种广泛使用的神经毒素，作为神经递质多巴胺的拮抗剂，可选择性破坏多巴胺能神经元，促进 COX-2 激活，诱导 PGE2 合成及炎症因子 IL-1β 的分泌，常用于构建帕金森病（PD）动物模型。

SIRT3 activator2 (compound 2a)，一种SIRT3激活剂，已在SH-SY5Y细胞中通过热稳定性分析显示其可能直接与SIRT3结合，并通过SIRT3依赖性途径清除α-Syn。此外，SIRT3 activator2在剂量依赖性的基础上，有效改善了帕金森病模型小鼠的运动功能，并且预防黑质DA神经元的丢失。

7-Hydroxychlorpromazine作为Chlorpromazine的活性代谢物，能够逆转Amphetamine所诱导的区域致密多巴胺能神经元抑制。

Amperozide (FG 5606) 是一种非典型抗精神病药，可拮抗5-HT2A 受体。它抑制多巴胺的释放并改变多巴胺能神经元的放电。关于该药物使用的调查主要围绕其治疗人类精神分裂症的能力展开。

C-DIM12是一种人工合成的Nurr1激活剂，可诱导Nurr1和DA 基因表达。

Galphimine B is a cyclodesiccated triterpenoid from Galphimia Glauca, which can regulate the synaptic transmission of dopaminergic ventral tegmental neurons and has a sedative effect.

Levodopa sodium（L-DOPA）是神经递质多巴胺的代谢前体，具有口服活性，可透过血脑屏障，在脑内被多巴胺能神经元摄取并迅速转化为多巴胺。它具有抗痛觉过敏作用，常用于诱导帕金森病动物模型。

Promotes proteasomal degradation of Miro1 (mitochondrial Rho GTPase 1). Reduces Miro1 levels in fibroblasts from Parkinson's disease (PD) patients (IC50 = 7.8 μM). Exhibits no significant effect on related outer mitochondrial membrane protein Mitofusin. Reduces stress-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons derived from PD patient iPSCs. Rescues age-dependent neuronal loss and prolongs lifespan in fly PD models.

D-DOPA is an enantiomer of the dopamine precursor L-DOPA . It can be converted to L-DOPAviasequential oxidation and transamination, which are mediated by D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) and DOPA transaminase, respectively, in rat kidney homogenates.1It reduces the number of dopaminergic neurons in primary rat embryonic mesencephalic cultures in a concentration-dependent manner.2Intraventricular administration of D-DOPA (200 μg/animal) increases striatal dopamine levels in rats.3D-DOPA (20 mg/kg, i.p.) induces contralateral turns in a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by 6-OHDA .4 1.Wu, M., Zhou, X.-J., Konno, R., et al.D-dopa is unidirectionally converted to L-dopa by D-amino acid oxidase, followed by dopa transaminaseClin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol.33(11)1042-1046(2006) 2.Ling, Z.-D., Pieri, S.C., and Carvey, P.M.Comparison of the neurotoxicity of dihydroxyphenylalanine stereoisomers in cultured dopamine neuronsClin. Neuropharmacol.19(4)360-365(1996) 3.Karoum, F., Freed, W.J., Chuang, L.-W., et al.D-dopa and L-dopa similarly elevate brain dopamine and produce turning behavior in ratsBrain Res.440(1)190-194(1988) 4.Moses, J., Siddiqui, A., and Silverman, P.B.Sodium benzoate differentially blocks circling induced by D-and L-dopa in the hemi-parkinsonian ratNeurosci. Lett.218(3)145-148(1996)

PAQ is a neuroprotective agent. It protects dopaminergic neurons from cell death without inhibiting glial cell proliferation in a rat midbrain culture model of Parkinson's disease when used at a concentration of 10 μM. PAQ (25 or 50 mg/kg, twice per day) prevents loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease induced by MPTP.

Certain chronic neurologic disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, are caused by an insufficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine secondary to the degeneration of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. N-(α-Linolenoyl) tyrosine (NALT) is a simple α-amide conjugate between the ω-3 essential fatty acid α-linolenate and the amino acid tyrosine. α-Linolenate is an important precursor to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a prominent brain polyunsaturated fatty acid, while tyrosine is the metabolic precursor for neuronal dopamine synthesis. NALT was prepared as a method for enhancing central nervous system (CNS) dopamine content by facilitated transport of the tyrosine precursor across the blood-brain barrier. In experimental rat models of dopamine insufficiency, NALT increased CNS dopamine levels and exhibited an activity profile consistent with an anti-Parkinson's therapeutic agent.

T0467 is a chemical compound that activates the translocation of parkin to the mitochondria in a PINK1-dependent manner in vitro. However, T0467 does not induce the accumulation of PINK1 in the mitochondria of dopaminergic neurons. As a result, T0467 shows promise as a potential compound for activating the PINK1-Parkin signaling pathway and can be utilized in research related to Parkinson's disease and related disorders.

RTI-7470-44 是一种有效的、选择性的、能透过血脑屏障的人微量胺相关受体 1 (hTAAR1) 拮抗剂 (IC50: 8.4 nM)。RTI-7470-44 可以提高小鼠中脑腹侧被盖区 (VTA) 多巴胺能神经元的自发放电率。RTI-7470-44 具有中等的代谢稳定性和良好的初步脱靶谱。RTI-7470-44 能够用于研究精神分裂症、药物成瘾和帕金森病 (PD)。

GBR-12935 is a potent and selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It was originally developed in its 3H radiolabelled form for the purpose of mapping the distribution of dopaminergic neurons in the brain by selective labelling of dopamine transporter proteins. This has led to potential clinical uses in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, although selective radioligands such as Ioflupane (¹²³I) are now available for this application. GBR-12935 is now widely used in animal research into Parkinson's disease and the dopamine pathways in the brain. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBR-12935).

RO-5328673 is a dual NK2/NK3 antagonist. O5328673. [(3)H]RO5328673 bound to a single saturable site on hNK2, hNK3 and gpNK3 with high-affinity. RO5328673 acted as an insurmountable antagonist at both human and guinea-pig NK3 receptors in the [(3)H]IP accumulation assay. In binding kinetic analyses, [(3)H]RO5328673 had fast association and dissociation rates at hNK2 while it had a fast association rate and a remarkably slow dissociation rate at gp and hNK3. In electrophysiological recordings of gp SNpc, RO5328673 inhibited the senktide-induced potentiation of spontaneous activity of dopaminergic neurons with an insurmountable mechanism of action. RO5328673 exhibited in-vivo activity in gerbils, robustly reversing the senktide-induced locomotor activity.

VU6019650 是一种强效、选择性的M5mAChR 正向拮抗剂 (IC50=36 nM)，能够用于减轻阿片类药物使用障碍 (OUD) 的研究。VU6019650 具有血脑透过性，可能调节中边缘多巴胺能奖赏回路。VU6019650 能够阻断Oxotremorine M iodide 诱导引起的腹侧被盖区中脑 (VTA) 多巴胺神经元的放电速率的增加。

SB-200646 是 5-HT2B/5-HT2C 受体的选择性强效拮抗剂，对5-HT2B、5-HT2C 和 5-HT2A 的pKi 值分别为 7.5、6.9 和 5.2。它有口服活性，在体内具有电生理和抗焦虑特性。