calcium mobilization

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is an effective calcium mobilization second messenger, which is synthesized from NAD + by ADP-ribosyl cyclase. Cyclic ADP-ribose mainly increases cytosolic calcium through Ryanodine receptor-mediated endoplasmic reticulum release

SB-265610 (GSK-CXCR2) 是竞争性非肽变构CXCR2选择性拮抗剂，可阻断大鼠 CINC-1 诱导的钙动员和中性粒细胞趋化性，IC50分别为 3.7 和 70 nM。

G36是一种细胞可渗透的G 蛋白偶联雌激素受体(GPER/GPR30)的非甾体拮抗剂。G36抑制17β-雌二醇或GPER 选择性激动剂G-1的激活（IC50分别为112和165 nM）。G36对ERα或ERβ均无可检测的结合活性。G36通过GPER 阻断由雌激素触发的PI3K 的激活或钙动员，并且它通过雌激素或G-1而不是通过EGF 抑制ERK 的激活。

KT-362 fumarate 是一种新型化合物，可作为钙通道、钾通道和钠通道的拮抗剂.KT-362 fumarate 通过影响心房肌肉细胞内钙动员导致血管舒张。KT-362 fumarate 对兔子的股动脉和基底动脉条有放松作用。

MNI 137 是 mGlu2 的负变构调节剂。 MNI 137 抑制谷氨酸诱导的钙动员，对人和大鼠的 IC50 分别为 8.3 和 12.6 nM。

ATI-2341 acetate(1337878-62-2 free base) 是一种有效的 CXCR4 变构激动剂，它激活 Gα1 而不是 Gα13。 ATI-2341 acetate 激活抑制性异源三聚体 G 蛋白 (GI) 以促进对 cAMP 产生的抑制并诱导钙动员。

VU 0365114 是 mAChR M5 的正变构调节剂，可增加 ACh 诱导的钙动员，EC50为 2.7 μM。

Etalocib (LY293111) sodium 作为一种口服活性的白三烯(LTB4)受体拮抗剂，对 [3H]LTB4的结合具有较强的抑制作用，其抑制常数(Ki)为25 nM。其针对LTB4诱导的钙动员的半抑制浓度(IC50)为20 nM。此外，Etalocib (LY293111) sodium 还具有诱导细胞凋亡(Apoptosis)的能力。

(E)-PHCCC 作为 mGluR4 的正变构调节剂 (PAM)，能够显著增强受体的内源性配体（glutamate）活性。在 CHO 细胞进行的钙动员试验中显示出效果，其 EC50 值为 3.2 μM。

VZMC013是一种针对MOR-CCR5异源二聚体的有效化学探针，可以抑制因阿片类化合物加剧的HIV-1进入。VZMC013对MOR和CCR5都具有纳摩尔级的结合亲和力，能抑制CCL5激活的钙离子动员，并显著提高了抗HIV-1BaL活性，较先前报道的双价配体有显著提升。在共表达CCR5和MOR的TZM-bl细胞中，VZMC013抑制病毒感染的效果超过仅表达CCR5的细胞。此外，VZMC013在依赖浓度的方式中阻断了人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)-1在外周血单核细胞(PBMC)中的进入，并且在激活植物血凝素的PBMC细胞中对阿片类化合物加速的HIV-1进入的抑制作用比在无阿片类化合物环境中更为有效。

Izicopan (INF056) 是一类补体因子 C5a 受体的拮抗剂。它能抑制由 C5a 触发的钙动员，并表现出IC50为 10-100 nM 的活性。

UCM-05194 (ammonium) 是溶血磷脂酸受体 1 (LPA1) 的激动剂，能够在表达 LPA1 的 RH7777 细胞中诱导钙离子动员 (EC50= 0.24 µM)。此外，UCM-05194 (ammonium) 可引起过表达 LPA1 的 B103 大鼠神经母细胞瘤细胞的神经突回缩和迁移，并减轻小鼠因乙酸引发的扭体和后爪机械过敏。

MRS2690 disodium 是一种选择性的P2Y14受体激动剂，可抑制腺苷酸环化酶活性，从而降低细胞内cAMP水平，并引起猪冠状动脉的浓度依赖性血管收缩。它诱导细胞内钙动员，激活P38，并刺激RBL-2H3细胞膜的[35S]GTPγS结合。此外，MRS2690 增强抗原 (NP-BSA) 和 C3a 诱导的 β-己糖胺酶 (β-Hex) 释放，适用于缺血性心脏病研究。

MLS1547 (MLS000051547) 是一种高效的 G 蛋白偏向多巴胺 D2 受体激动剂，Ki 为 1.2 μM。 MLS1547 在钙动员试验中刺激 D2R G 蛋白介导的信号传导，EC50 为 0.37 μM。

VU0422288 (ML396) 是一种有效的 III 型 mGlu 受体 (mGlus) 正变构调节剂。VU0422288在钙动员试验中对 mGluR4、mGluR7 和 mGluR8 显示出抑制作用。VU0422288 可用于研究 Rett 综合症 (RTT)。

BM213 acetate 是一种有选择性C5aR1激动剂， 具有抗肿瘤活性，诱导 C5aR1 介导的钙动员和 pERK1/2 信号传导。

β-Defensin-2 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius.2β-Defensin-2 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes.3It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-2 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cellsin vitrowhen used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cellsin vivofollowing a 500 ng intradermal dose.4Expression of β-defensin-2 is increased in psoriatic skin and chronic wounds.5,6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 3.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Nakano, N., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokinesJ. Invest. Dermatol.127(3)594-604(2007) 4.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Hara, M., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins and cathelicidin LL-37 induce the secretion of a pruritogenic cytokine IL-31 by human mast cellsJ. Immunol.184(7)3526-3534(2010) 5.Huh, W.-K., Oono, T., Shirafuji, Y., et al.Dynamic alteration of human β-defensin 2 localization from cytoplasm to intercellular space in psoriatic skinJ. Mol. Med. (Berl.)80(10)678-684(2002) 6.Butmarc, J., Yufit, T., Carson, P., et al.Human β-defensin-2 expression is increased in chronic woundsWound Repair Regen.12(4)439-443(2004)

β-Defensin-3 (human) trifluoroacetate salt (hBD-3)是一种人体先天免疫核心抗菌肽，具有广谱杀菌、免疫调节、组织修复等活性。可用于皮肤病、癌症治疗及抗药性细菌感染研究。

β-Defensin-4 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It induces migration of monocytes in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 nM but does not affect migration of neutrophils and eosinophils. β-Defensin-4 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-4 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose. It also inhibits growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus with lethal concentration (LC) values of 5, 12, and 15 μM, respectively, of S. carnosus (MIC = 4.5 μg/ml), and of C. albicans with a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 7.5 μM.

Neuromedin U-23 (NMU-23) is a neuropeptide involved in diverse biological processes, including smooth muscle contraction, energy homeostasis, and nociception.1It is an agonist of neuromedin-U receptor 1 (NMUR1; EC50= 0.17 nM for the human receptor in a calcium mobilization assay using HEK293 cells) and NMUR2 (EC50= ~1.4-2 nM for arachidonic acid release in CHO cells expressing the human receptor).2,3NMU-23 (1 μM) induces contractions in isolated rat colon smooth muscle strips.4It decreases body weight and food intake and increases core body temperature in mice when administered at a dose of 36 μg/animal.5Intrathecal administration of NMU-23 decreases the mechanical pain threshold in the von Frey test in rats.6 1.Mitchell, J.D., Maguire, J.J., and Davenport, A.P.Emerging pharmacology and physiology of neuromedin U and the structurally related peptide neuromedin SBr. J. Pharmacol.158(1)87-103(2009) 2.Szekeres, P.G., Muir, A.I., Spinage, L.D., et al.Neuromedin U is a potent agonist at the orphan G protein-coupled receptor FM3J. Biol. Chem.275(27)20247-20250(2000) 3.Hosoya, M., Moriya, T., Kawamata, Y., et al.Identification and functional characterization of a novel subtype of neuromedin U receptorJ. Biol. Chem.275(38)29528-29532(2000) 4.Brighton, P.J., Wise, A., Dass, N.B., et al.Paradoxical behavior of neuromedin U in isolated smooth muscle cells and intact tissueJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.325(1)154-164(2008) 5.Peier, A., Kosinski, J., Cox-York, K., et al.The antiobesity effects of centrally administered neuromedin U and neuromedin S are mediated predominantly by the neuromedin U receptor 2 (NMUR2)Endocrinology150(7)3101-3109(2009) 6.Yu, X.H., Cao, C.Q., Mennicken, F., et al.Pro-nociceptive effects of neuromedin U in ratNeuroscience120(2)467-474(2003)

Migrastatin is a bacterial metabolite that has been found inStreptomyceswith antimuscarinic and anticancer activities.1,2It binds to M1-5muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (Kis = >200, 200, 31, 43, and >200 μM, respectively) and inhibits calcium mobilization induced by carbamoylcholine in SK-N-SH cells (IC50= 28 μM), as well as in primary rat bladder smooth muscle cells.1Migrastatin inhibits the migration of EC17 esophageal cancer cells in a wound healing assay (IC50= 10 μg/ml) and 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma cells in a chamber cell migration assay (IC50= 29 μM).2It enhances cytotoxicity induced by vinblastine in vincristine-resistant P388/VCR cells.3

Marcfortine A is an indole alkaloid originally isolated from P. roqueforti. It has nematocidal activity against the parasitic nematode H. contortus (LD99 = 0.06 μg/ml) and inhibits motility of adult worms (EC50 = 2 μM)., Marcfortine A eliminates H. contortus, T. colubriformis, and O. ostertagi from experimentally infected jirds (ED95s = 0.33, 0.11, and 2.5 mg/animal, respectively). It dose-dependently inhibits nicotine-induced calcium mobilization in SH-SY5Y and TE-671 cells expressing α3 subunit-containing human nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and muscle-type nAChRs, respectively.

Kisspeptin-54 is a peptide ligand of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 (Kis = 1.81 and 1.45 nM for rat and human receptors, respectively).1 It is a 54 amino acid peptide encoded by the metastasis suppressor gene KISS-1. Kisspeptin-54 induces calcium mobilization in CHO-K1 cells expressing rat and human receptors (EC50s = 1.39 and 5.47 nM, respectively). It also induces arachidonic acid release in CHO cells expressing rat and human GPR54 in a concentration-dependent manner. Kisspeptin-54 (10-1,000 nM) inhibits insulin secretion from isolated mouse pancreatic β-cells in the presence of 2.8 mM, but not 11.1 mM, glucose.2 Kisspeptin-54 (1-5 nmol, i.c.v.) increases serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) in mice, an effect which is reversed by the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) antagonist acycline.3References1. Kotani, M., Detheux, M., Vandenbogaerde, A.L., et al. The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. J. Biol. Chem. 276(37), 34631-34636 (2001).2. Vikman, J., and Ahrén, B. Inhibitory effect of kisspeptins on insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 11(Suppl 4), 197-201 (2009).3. Gottsch, M.L., Cunningham, M.J., Smith, J.T., et al. A role for kisspeptins in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the mouse. Endocrinology 145(9), 4073-4077 (2004). Kisspeptin-54 is a peptide ligand of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 (Kis = 1.81 and 1.45 nM for rat and human receptors, respectively).1 It is a 54 amino acid peptide encoded by the metastasis suppressor gene KISS-1. Kisspeptin-54 induces calcium mobilization in CHO-K1 cells expressing rat and human receptors (EC50s = 1.39 and 5.47 nM, respectively). It also induces arachidonic acid release in CHO cells expressing rat and human GPR54 in a concentration-dependent manner. Kisspeptin-54 (10-1,000 nM) inhibits insulin secretion from isolated mouse pancreatic β-cells in the presence of 2.8 mM, but not 11.1 mM, glucose.2 Kisspeptin-54 (1-5 nmol, i.c.v.) increases serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) in mice, an effect which is reversed by the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) antagonist acycline.3 References1. Kotani, M., Detheux, M., Vandenbogaerde, A.L., et al. The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. J. Biol. Chem. 276(37), 34631-34636 (2001).2. Vikman, J., and Ahrén, B. Inhibitory effect of kisspeptins on insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 11(Suppl 4), 197-201 (2009).3. Gottsch, M.L., Cunningham, M.J., Smith, J.T., et al. A role for kisspeptins in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the mouse. Endocrinology 145(9), 4073-4077 (2004).

PAR2 (1-6) amide is a synthetic peptide agonist of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) that corresponds to residues 1-6 of the amino terminal tethered ligand sequence of human PAR2 and residues 37-42 of the full-length sequence.1It binds to NCTC 2544 cells expressing human PAR2 (Ki= 9.64 μM in a radioligand binding assay) and induces calcium mobilization in the same cells (EC50= 0.075 μM).2PAR2 (1-6) amide (100 μM) reduces colony formation of A549 lung cancer cells.1It induces superoxide production and degranulation in isolated human eosinophils when used at a concentration of 500 μM.3PAR2 (1-6) amide (5 μmol/kg) induces tear secretion in rats when used in combination with amastatin .4 1.Bohm, S.K., Kong, W., Bromme, D., et al.Molecular cloning, expression and potential functions of the human proteinase-activated receptor-2Biochem. J.314(Pt 3)1009-1016(1996) 2.Kanke, T., Ishiwata, H., Kabeya, M., et al.Binding of a highly potent protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) activating peptide, [3H]2-furoyl-LIGRL-NH2, to human PAR2Br. J. Pharmacol.145(2)255-263(2005) 3.Miike, S., McWilliam, A.S., and Kita, H.Trypsin induces activation and inflammatory mediator release from human eosinophils through protease-activated receptor-2J. Immunol.167(11)6615-6622(2001) 4.Nishikawa, H., Kawai, K., Tanaka, M., et al.Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2)-related peptides induce tear secretion in rats: Involvement of PAR-2 and non-PAR-2 mechanismsJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.312(2)324-331(2005)