hepatic steatosis

4-Hydroxyflavanone 是一种黄酮的合成类似物，是 SREBP 成熟和脂质合成的抑制剂。它具有研究肝脏脂肪变性及血脂异常的潜力。

LI-2242是一种强效肌醇六磷酸激酶（IP6K）抑制剂，对 IP6K1、IP6K2、IP6K3和 IPMK 的 IC50s 分别为31 nM、42 nM、8.7 nM 和1944 nM。LI-2242通过减少增强脂质吸收、脂质稳定和脂肪生成的基因的表达，改善了肝脏脂肪变性，增强体外脂肪细胞和肝细胞的线粒体耗氧率（OCR）和胰岛素信号传导。 LI-2242可改善饮食诱导的小鼠肥胖症、高血糖症和肝脂肪变性。LI-2242可用于研究 II 型糖尿病、肥胖症、代谢并发症、静脉血栓和精神疾病。

Orotic acid (Vitamin B13) 是一种嘧啶核苷酸和 RNA 生物合成的前体，从线粒体二氢乳清酸脱氢酶 (DHODH) 中释放，通过细胞质 UMP 合酶转化为 UMP。它可引起大鼠肝脂肪变性和肝肿大，是尿素循环异常的常规新生儿筛查中的一种测量指标。

Obeticholic Acid (6-ECDCA，INT-747 )是一种高亲和力、半合成、胆汁酸衍生的 FXR 激动剂，EC50为 99 nM,且能够上调 IκB-α、KLF-2 和 KLF-4 表达。Obeticholic Acid (6-ECDCA，INT-747 )还显示出其治疗肝脂肪变性、炎症和纤维化的潜力，同时增加胰岛素敏感性。

Orotic acid zinc (Zinc Orotate) 是一种嘧啶核苷酸和 RNA 生物合成的前体，从线粒体二氢乳清酸脱氢酶 (DHODH) 中释放，通过细胞质 UMP 合酶转化为 UMP。它可引起大鼠肝脂肪变性和肝肿大，是尿素循环异常的常规新生儿筛查中的一种测量指标。

MK-0626是一种可口服的二肽基肽酶IV（DPP-4）抑制剂，通过增强AMPK活性，减轻肝脏脂肪变性和蓄积。MK-0626通过恢复GLP-1R的表达减轻了TAC诱导的糖尿病胰岛损伤。MK-0626能够通过增加循环内皮祖细胞的数量和内皮型一氧化氮合酶的表达，促进新血管生成。

PTUPB 是强效的sEH(IC50:0.9 μM)和COX-2(IC50:1.26 μM)的双向抑制剂。

LP-533401 hydrochloride 是不能穿过血脑屏障的外周 Tph 抑制剂，抑制5-羟色胺合成，可用于研究牙周病和肝脂肪变性。

SET-171 是一种 JNK (c-JunN-terminal kinase) 抑制剂，通过抑制肝脏丙酮酸激酶 (PKL) 的表达，展现出显著的抗癌特性和调节脂质代谢的潜力。在抗肿瘤研究中，SET-171 对人肝癌细胞系 HepG2 和 Huh7 的 IC50 值分别为 8.82 μM 和 2.97 μM，显示出较高的细胞毒性。此外，在非酒精性脂肪性肝病 (NAFLD) 的研究中，SET-171 显著降低三酰甘油 (TAG) 水平，并抑制与脂肪变性相关蛋白的表达。SET-171 有望用于肝细胞癌 (HCC) 和非酒精性脂肪性肝病的研究。

Anti-NASH agent 2 (compound 21) 是一种能够抑制新生脂肪生成和 α-SMA 基因表达的药物。Anti-NASH agent 2 可有效改善 NASH 小鼠模型中的肝脂肪变性、水肿、炎症浸润及肝纤维化。

Hydroxy tipelukast (Compound MN-002) 是 Compound MN-001 的代谢物，是一种具备口服活性且为苯氧烷基羧酸的化合物。Hydroxy tipelukast 能够抑制肝脂肪变性、小叶炎症、肝细胞气球样变和肝纤维化，还可以降低肝脏中的羟脯氨酸水平。这一化合物有望在非酒精性脂肪性肝病 (NAFLD) 和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎 (NASH) 的研究中发挥作用。

PPARα agonist5 是一种口服有效的选择性PPARα部分激动剂 (EC50: 3 nM)。它通过减少脂质积累并上调PPARα靶基因，具有抗脂肪肝作用。此外，PPARα agonist5 还具有部分PPARγ激动活性，并对蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶 1B (PTP1B) 造成轻度抑制 (IC50: 79.1 μM)，从而显现显著的降血脂和降血糖作用。该化合物安全性良好，可用于研究血脂异常的2型糖尿病。

O-1602 是一种新型 GPR55 激动剂，是一种非典型大麻素，与中枢神经系统和肥胖有关，是治疗膀胱炎的候选化合物。O-1602通过小鼠GPR55 的 PI3激酶/ Akt / SREBP-1c信号传导促进肝脂肪变性。O-1602以GPR3非依赖性方式诱导Hep55B细胞中的细胞内钙升高。

Tripalmitolein is a triacylglycerol that contains palmitoleic acid at the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions. It reduces red blood cell deformability in a concentration-dependent manner in a Reid's filtration assay. Hepatic levels of 1,2,3-tripalmitoleoyl-rac-glycerol are increased in the JAK2L mouse model of hepatic steatosis. Tripalmitolein plasma levels are decreased in renal patients before dialysis.

1-Pentadecanoyl-rac-glycerol is a monoacylglycerol that contains pentadecanoic acid at the sn-1 position. It has been found in wheat bran extracts.1 1-Pentadecanoyl-rac-glycerol levels are increased in a HepaRG cell-based model of hepatic steatosis induced by BSA-conjugated palmitate.2 |1. Prinsen, P., Gutiérrez, A., Faulds, C.B., et al. Comprehensive study of valuable lipophilic phytochemicals in wheat bran. J. Agric. Food Chem. 62(7), 1664-1673 (2014).|2. Brown, M.V., Compton, S.A., Milburn, M.V., et al. Metabolomic signatures in lipid-loaded HepaRGs reveal pathways involved in steatotic progression. Obesity (Silver Spring) 21(12), E561-E570 (2013).

Ajoene is a disulfide that has been found inA. sativumand has diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, antiplatelet, and antioxidant properties.1,2,3,4It is active against Gram-positive (MICs = 5-160 µg/ml) and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 136-200 µg/ml), as well as yeasts (MICs = 10-20 µg/ml).1Ajoene is cytotoxic to mouse melanoma cells (IC50= 18 µM), as well as human colon, lung, mammary, and pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 7-41 µM).2It reduces tumor growth in a B16/BL6 mouse model of melanoma when administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg every other day and decreases the number of lung metastases when administered prior to tumor cell inoculation at doses ranging from 1-25 mg/kg. It inhibits ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation in isolated baboon platelets when used at concentrations ranging from 75 to 150 µg/ml and in platelet-rich plasma isolated from baboons when administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg.3Ajoene (25 mg/kg) prevents thrombus formation on damaged arterial walls in heparinized pigs in anin situmodel of thrombogenesis.5It also reduces high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, histopathological markers of liver damage, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and protein oxidation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).4 1.Naganawa, R., Iwata, N., Ishikawa, K., et al.Inhibition of microbial growth by ajoene, a sulfur-containing compound derived from garlicAppl. Environ. Microbiol.62(11)4238-4242(1996) 2.Taylor, P., Noriega, R., Farah, C., et al.Ajoene inhibits both primary tumor growth and metastasis of B16/BL6 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 miceCancer Lett.239(2)298-304(2006) 3.Teranishi, K., Apitz-Castro, R., Robson, S.C., et al.Inhibition of baboon platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo by the garlic derivative, ajoeneXenotransplantation10(4)374-379(2003) 4.Han, C.Y., Ki, S.H., Kim, Y.W., et al.Ajoene, a stable garlic by-product, inhibits high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and oxidative injury through LKB1-dependent AMPK activationAntioxid. Redox Signal.14(2)187-202(2011) 5.Apitz-Castro, R., Badimon, J.J., and Badimon, L.A garlic derivative, ajoene, inhibits platelet deposition on severely damaged vessel wall in an in vivo porcine experimental modelThromb. Res.75(3)243-249(1994)

SHS4121705 is an orally bioavailable mitochondrial uncoupler.1It increases oxygen consumption rate in L6 rat myoblast cells with an EC50value of 4.3 μM. SHS4121705 (25 mg/kg per day in the diet) reduces hepatic steatosis, liver triglyceride levels, and plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in Stelic animal model (STAM) mice, a model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). 1.Salamoun, J.M., Garcia, C.J., Hargett, S.R., et al.6-Amino[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazin-5-ol derivatives as efficacious mitochondrial uncouplers in STAM mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitisJ. Med. Chem.63(11)6203-6224(2020)

ZLY032 is a dual agonist of free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1/GPR40; EC50= 68 nM in a FLIPR assay) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ; EC50= 102 nM in a reporter assay).1It is selective for FFAR1 and PPARδ over PPARα and PPARγ (EC50s = >10 μM for both). ZLY032 (40 mg/kg, twice per day) reduces blood glucose levels in an oral glucose tolerance test and decreases plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in theob/obmouse model of metabolic disease.2It reduces hepatic steatosis and plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced by a methionine and choline-deficient diet at the same dose. 1.Li, Z., Chen, Y., Zhou, Z., et al.Discovery of first-in-class thiazole-based dual FFA1/PPARδ agonists as potential anti-diabetic agentsEur. J. Med. Chem.164352-365(2019) 2.Li, Z., Zhou, Z., Hu, L., et al.ZLY032, the first-in-class dual FFA1/PPARδ agonist, improves glucolipid metabolism and alleviates hepatic fibrosisPharmacol Res.159105035(2020)

Famoxadone (DPX-JE874) 是一种手性杀菌剂，具有抗真菌活性，诱导肝脂肪变性、脂质代谢紊乱和肝脏氧化应激，诱导甲状腺功能障碍。

C22 Sphingomyelin is a naturally occurring form of sphingomyelin . Plasma levels of C22 sphingomyelin positively correlate with hepatic steatosis severity in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). C22 Sphingomyelin levels are decreased in T-47D mammary epithelial cells and increased in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells relative to C16 sphingomyelin .

Scopolin (Scopoloside) 是从拟南芥根中分离出来的香豆素，可通过激活SIRT1介导的信号级联反应减轻了肝脂肪变性。

SRI-37330 抑制胰高血糖素的分泌和功能，减少肝葡萄糖的产生，并逆转肝脂肪变性。

SBI993 是 SBI-477 的类似物，可用作生物标志物来确认 MondoA 靶基因在体内表达的预期作用。 SBI993 降低肌肉 TAG 水平和肝脂肪变性。

FXR antagonist 1 是一种选择性的、口服具有活力的肠道 FXR 拮抗剂，其 IC50 值为 2.1 μM。FXR antagonist 1 能够拮抗肠道 FXR，并反馈激活肝脏 FXR，进而选择性地抑制肠道 FXR 信号。FXR antagonist 1 可改善 NASH (非酒精性脂肪性肝炎) 模型中的肝脏脂肪变性、炎症和纤维化，能够用于研究 NASH。