Bile acids are essential for solubilization and transport of dietary lipids, are the major products of cholesterol catabolism, and are physiological ligands for farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor that regulates genes involved in lipid metabolism.1They are also inherently cytotoxic, as physiological imbalance contributes to increased oxidative stress.2,3Bile acid-controlled signaling pathways are promising novel targets to treat such metabolic diseases as obesity, type II diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis.Guggulsterone, derived from resin of the guggul tree, is a competitive antagonist of FXR bothin vitroandin vivo.4Thecisstereoisomer of guggulsterone, (E)-guggulsterone, decreases chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)-induced FXR activation with an IC50value of 15 μM.5,6By inhibiting CDCA-induced transactivation of FXR, guggulsterone lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rodents fed a high cholesterol diet.4 1.Makishima, M., Okamoto, A.Y., Repa, J.J., et al.Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acidsScience2841362-1365(1999) 2.Barbier, O., Torra, I.P., Sirvent, A., et al.FXR induces the UGT2B4 enzyme in hepatocytes: A potential mechanism of negative feedback control of FXR activityGastroenterology1241926-1940(2003) 3.Tan, K.P., Yang, M., and Ito, S.Activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-2 like) factor 2 by toxic bile acids provokes adaptive defense responses to enhance cell survival at the emergence of oxidative stressMol. Pharmacol.72(5)1380-1390(2007) 4.Urizar, N.L., Liverman, A.B., Dodds, D.T., et al.A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an anatagonist ligand for FXRScience296(5573)1703-1706(2002) 5.Cui, J., Huang, L., Zhao, A., et al.Guggulsterone is a farnesoid X receptor antagonist in coactivator association assays but acts to enhance transcription of bile salt export pumpThe Journal of Biological Chemisty278(12)10214-10220(2003) 6.Wu, J., Xia, C., Meier, J., et al.The hypolipidemic natural product guggulsterone acts as an antagonist of the bile acid receptorMolecular Endocrinology16(7)1590-1597(2002)
CAY10771 is a dual agonist of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ).1It activates FXR and PPARδ in reporter assays using HEK293T cells (EC50s = 0.94 and 1.5 μM, respectively) and is selective for these receptors over retinoic acid receptor α (RARα), retinoid X receptor α (RXRα), PPARα, PPARγ, and liver X receptor α (LXRα) at 10 μM. 1.Schierle, S., Neumann, S., Heitel, P., et al.Design and structural optimization of dual FXR/PPARδ activatorsJ. Med. Chem.63(15)8369-8379(2020)
Compound A-26, also known as FXR antagonist 2, is a diarylamide derivative that functions as a moderate FXR antagonist. It is utilized in researching hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes [1].
F44-A13是一种具有口服活性、高选择性的farnesoid X receptor(FXR)拮抗剂,IC50值为1.1 μM。通过诱导CYP7A1的表达,F44-A13能够优化胆固醇代谢并降低其活性。该化合物可降低小鼠模型中的胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平。F44-A13可用于伴有脂质紊乱的代谢性疾病研究。