dorsal

AP-18 是选择性的 TRPA1 抑制剂。AP-18 可以抑制 50 μM 肉桂醛诱导的 TRPA1 激活，在小鼠和人中的 IC50 分别为 4.5 μM 和 3.1 μM。AP-18 可以逆转 CFA 诱导的小鼠机械性痛觉过敏。AP-18 可以浓度依赖的方式减弱 30 μM AITC 诱导的 Yo-Pro 摄取(IC50= 10.3 μM)。

Sulfoxaflor (GF 2032) 是 nAChR1 和 nAChR2 亚型的激动剂，是一种作用于昆虫中枢神经系统的内吸性杀虫剂。 Sulfoxaflor 被发现对外周血淋巴细胞有一定的影响，可用于防治吸食汁液的昆虫，如褐飞虱、烟粉虱、桃蚜和棉蚜。

SKF-83566 是一种具有血脑渗透性和口服活性的 D1 样多巴胺受体拮抗剂和一种较弱的竞争性 5-HT2 受体拮抗剂，Ki 为 11 nM。它是竞争性多巴胺转运蛋白抑制剂，可用于研究帕金森氏症和对尼古丁渴望的缓解的相关研究。

CGP 29030A 是一种新的哌嗪衍生物，具有镇痛活性，对潜在的痛觉背角神经元有显著的抑制作用，可用于研究疼痛性疾病。

Zoliprofen 是一种一种高效的且可口服的非甾体抗炎剂，具有抗炎、解热和镇痛活性，对角叉菜素、制霉菌素、刀豆球蛋白A 诱导的大鼠爪水肿，以及抗大鼠兔血清诱导的骨折或背皮水肿具有抑制作用。Zoliprofen 在大鼠和兔子中对胶原蛋白或花生四烯酸引起的血小板聚集方面比布洛芬和非诺洛芬有效20倍。Zoliprofen 对小鼠内毒素诱导的腹泻和花生四烯酸诱导的兔急性死亡抑制作用显著。

ZZL-7是一种起效快的抗抑郁药。ZZL-7破坏中缝背核（DRN）神经元一氧化氮合酶（nNOS）和血清素转运蛋白（SERT）之间的相互作用。ZZL-7可以很容易地穿过血脑屏障。ZZL-7在重度抑郁症（MDD）中具有研究价值。

MRS 1523 can exert an antihyperalgesic effect through N-type Ca channel block and action potential inhibition in isolated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. MRS 1523 is an effective and selective adenosine A3 receptor antagonist Ki: 18.9 nM and 113 n

LY-266097作为一种选择性5-HT2BR拮抗剂，有效降低了触觉过敏，显示了其在缓解神经损伤引起的疼痛中潜在的治疗效果。此外，LY-266097还可以减轻神经损伤后背根神经节和脊髓中5-HT2B受体的上调。研究表明，LY-266097在神经病性疼痛途径的发展中具有潜在作用。

AS1069562 is an inhibitor of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) reuptake which acts by notably restoring reduced insulin-like growth factor 1 and fibroblast growth factor 2 mRNA levels in dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord, respectively.

ADCI is an inhibitor of voltage-activated sodium channels and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor-gated channels. Inhibition of sodium channels by ADCI was voltage dependent. High doses of ADCI increased dopamine metabolism in the prefrontal cortex and o

Globotriaosycleramides are glycosphingolipids found in mammalian cell membranes that are synthesized from lactosylceramides . They act as receptors for Shiga and Shiga-like toxins in vitro and in vivo. Globotriaosylceramides accumulate in endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, renal epithelial cells, dorsal ganglia neuronal cells, and myocardial cells in patients with Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. Globotriaosylceramides act as natural resistance factors to HIV infection, interacting with HIV gp120 to prevent its interaction with chemokine co-receptors and subsequent fusion of HIV to host cell membranes. This product contains a mixture of hydroxy fatty acid-containing globotriaosylceramides isolated from porcine red blood cells (RBCs).

Globotriaosycleramides are glycosphingolipids found in mammalian cell membranes that are synthesized from lactosylceramides . They act as receptors for Shiga and Shiga-like toxins in vitro and in vivo. Globotriaosylceramides accumulate in endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, renal epithelial cells, dorsal ganglia neuronal cells, and myocardial cells in patients with Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. Globotriaosylceramides act as natural resistance factors to HIV infection, interacting with HIV gp120 to prevent its interaction with chemokine co-receptors and subsequent fusion of HIV to host cell membranes. This product contains a mixture of hydroxy and non-hydroxy fatty acid-containing globotriaosylceramides isolated from porcine red blood cells (RBCs).

C16 globotriaosylceramide is an endogenous sphingolipid found in mammalian cell membranes that is synthesized from C16 lactosylceramide . C16 globotriaosylceramide acts as a receptor for Shiga toxin in B cell-derived Raji cells and THP-1 monocytes. It accumulates in endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, renal epithelial cells, dorsal ganglia neuronal cells, and myocardial cells in patients with Fabry disease. C16 globotriaosylceramide is also upregulated in plasma of patients with ovarian carcinoma compared to those with benign ovarian tumors or uterine fibroids.

PDDHV is a resiniferatoxin-type phorboid vanilloid with capsaicin-like selectivity for the cloned rat transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), formerly known as vanilloid receptor 1. It induces Ca2+-uptake by rat dorsal root ganglion neurons with an EC50 value of 70 nM.

L-AP4 (L-APB) monohydrate is a potent and specific agonist for the group III mGluRs, with EC50s of 0.13, 0.29, 1.0, 249 μM for mGlu4, mGlu8, mGlu6 and mGlu7 receptors, respectively[1][2]. L-AP4 (5-30 μg, intrathecal inhection 4-5 days) significantly increases the paw withdrawal threshold in response to application of von Frey filaments in eight nerve-ligated rats in a dose-dependent manner. Intrathecal administration of different doses of L-AP4 is not associated with any evident motor dysfunction[2].Intrathecal injection of 30 μg of L-AP4 does not significantly alter the paw withdrawal latency in these normal rats[2].Topical application of 5 to 50 μM L-AP4 to the spinal cord significantly inhibited the evoked response of neurons to touch, pressure, pinch, and von Frey filaments in a concentration-dependent fashion[2]. Animal Model: Rats.[2] [1]. Selvam C, et al. Increased Potency and Selectivity for Group III Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Agonists Binding at Dual sites. J Med Chem. 2018 Mar 8;61(5):1969-1989. [2]. Chen SR, et al. Distinct roles of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in control of nociception and dorsal horn neurons in normal and nerve-injured Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Jan;312(1):120-6.

CAY10787 is an oxysterol and a negative allosteric modulator of GABAAreceptors.1,2It reduces GABA-induced currents in HEK cells expressing α1β1γ2or α4β3γ2subunit-containing GABAAreceptors (IC50s = 1.5 and 1 μM, respectively).2CAY10787 (500 nM) reduces GABA-induced depolarization of peptidergic and non-peptidergic nociceptors, C-LTMRs, and cold thermosensors in isolated mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons.In vivo, CAY10787 (2, 10, and 50 mg/kg) increases latency to nocifensive behaviors in the hot plate test in mice. 1.Hahn, M., Tang, M., and Subbiah, M.T.Cholest-3,5-dien-7-one formation in peroxidized human plasma as an indicator of lipoprotein cholesterol peroxidation potentialBiochim. Biophys. Acta1255(3)341-343(1995) 2.Niu, C., Leavitt, L.S., Lin, Z., et al.Neuroactive type-A γ-aminobutyric acid receptor allosteric modulator steroids from the hypobranchial gland of marine mollusk, Conus geographusJ. Med. Chem.64(10)7033-7043(2021)

The acyl amides are a family of endogenous lipids that act as potent modulators of pain and inflammation. The best characterized members of this family are the arachidonoyl amides, which includes N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA; anandamide). N-palmitoyl glycine (PalGly) contains an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid that is amide-linked to glycine and is structurally similar to the phospholipid-derived N-acyl ethanolamines. Endogenously produced in rat skin and spinal cord, PalGly is present in 100-fold greater amounts in skin and 3-fold greater in brain compared to AEA. Injection of 0.43 μg PalGly in rat hindpaw inhibits heat-induced firing of nociceptive neurons in rat dorsal horn. PalGly treatment induces transient calcium influx in native dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells and in the PTX-sensitive, DRG-like cell line F-11 (EC50 = 5.5 μM).

TREK1 and TREK2 channel activator (EC50 = 0.76 μM in Rb efflux assay in TREK1-expressing CHO cells). Exhibits selectivity for TREK1/2 over TRAAK, TASK3 and a range of other potassium channels. Hyperpolarizes membrane potential of dorsal root ganglion neurons and depresses neuronal activity in vitro. Loucif et al (2018) GI-530159, a novel, selective, mechanosensitive two-pore-domain potassium (K2P) channel opener, reduces rat dorsal root ganglion neuron excitability. Br.J.Pharmacol. 175 2272 PMID:29150838

C18 globotriaosylceramide is an endogenous sphingolipid found in mammalian cell membranes that is synthesized from lactosylceramide . It inhibits aggregation of human neutrophils induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 10008014) when used at a concentration of 1 μM. C18 globotriaosylceramide acts as a receptor for Shiga toxin in B cell-derived Raji cells and THP-1 monocytes. It accumulates in the brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen in a mouse model of Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. C18 globotriaosylceramide also accumulates in endothelial cells, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, renal epithelial cells, dorsal ganglia neuronal cells, and myocardial cells in patients with Fabry disease.

Resolvin D4 (RvD4) is a specialized pro-resolving mediator derived from docosahexaenoic acid . [1] It has been detected in human milk, in the dorsal pouch of mice before and after infection with S. aureus, and in untreated tissues from humans, mice, and sardines.[2][3] RvD4, at 10 ng mouse, reduces neutrophil infiltration in zymosan A-induced peritonitis and, at 200 ng mouse, diminishes neutrophil infiltration in response to S. aureus infection. [3] With isolated cells, RvD4 promotes phagocytosis of bacteria, opsonized zymosan A, and apoptotic neutrophils by human macrophages.[3] It also promotes the clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by human fibroblasts.[3] Reference：[1]. Serhan, C.N., and Savill, J. Resolution of inflammation: The beginning programs the end. Nature Immunology 6(12), 1191-1197 (2005).[2]. Arnardottir, H., Orr, S.K., Dalli, J., et al. Human milk proresolving mediators stimulate resolution of acute inflammation. Mucosal. Immunol. 9(3), 757-766 (2016).[3]. Winkler, J.W., Orr, S.K., Dalli, J., et al. Resolvin D4 stereoassignment and its novel actions in host protection and bacterial clearance. Sci.Rep. 6, (2016).

α-Conotoxin Vc1.1 TFA 是一种从 Conus victoriae 分离得到的多肽，也是一种的 nAChR 拮抗剂，抑制 α3α5β2，α3β2 和 α3β4 ，可逆转逆转神经性疼痛模型中的机械异常性疼痛，可用于研究神经性慢性疼痛。α-Conotoxin Vc1.1 TFA 通过 GABA（B） 受体抑制人背根神经节神经兴奋性和小鼠结肠伤害感受。

Spadin TFA 是一种从血液中释放的前肽衍生的天然肽，是一种有效的 TREK-1 通道阻滞剂，其 IC50值为 10 nM。Spadin TFA 增强小鼠中缝背核 5-HT 神经传递，诱导海马 CREB 激活和神经发生。Spadin TFA 可用于抗抑郁研究。

Neuropeptide Y (1-24) (human) 是一种神经肽，它能够抑制大鼠输精管电刺激引发的抽搐反应，同时在体内刺激 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 促使大鼠海马背侧 CA3 区神经元激活。

6-Iodoamiloride作为一种有效的酸敏感离子通道1(ASIC1)抑制剂，其IC50值为88 nM。同时，该化合物能够抑制大鼠背根神经节神经元中ASIC3介导的电流，其IC50值为230 nM。