巯基

Fluorescein-5-maleimide (N-(5-Fluoresceinyl)maleimide) 是硫醇反应荧光染料 (λex=494 nm，λem=519 nm)，可用于将荧光素与蛋白质缀合。

NBD-X acid是一种对环境敏感的荧光探针，用于研究脂质和蛋白质等生物聚合物，标记产量高于NBD，在水溶液中荧光强度显著降低。NBD-X acid能够发出绿色到黄色的荧光，激发/吸收波长为465/535 nm。

Bromobimane (Monobromobimane) 是一种非荧光物质，但与硫醇反应反应时生成荧光产物。Bromobimane 可被当作一种探针使用，常在临床医学上检验血液中硫化物的含量。

5-IAF 是吲哚乙酰胺的一种荧光素衍生物，是一种荧光探针，可用来标记蛋白质和其他含有游离硫醇（半胱氨酸侧链）。5-IAF 可标记狗肾脏Na,K-ATP 酶的催化（α）亚单位。

TPE-MI (Tetraphenylethene maleimide) 是一种聚集诱导的发光原，可对活细胞进行染色，可用于捕捉露出的未折叠蛋白中的半胱氨酸，可检测双氢青蒿素研究疟疾寄生虫后的蛋白质损伤。

NBD-Cl (NBD chloride) 是非荧光剂，能够与巯基或氨基反应，产生高度荧光。

ABD-F(7-氟苯呋咱-4-硫氨)是一种高反应活性的荧光试剂，用于检测和定量含巯基的氨基酸、蛋白质及组织中的巯基，最大激发和发射波长分别为389 nm和513 nm。

NIR dye-1 is a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye which has absorption and emission in the NIR region while retaining an optically tunable hydroxyl group.

BODIPY-TS (also known as Thiol-green 2) is a highly efficient thiol-specific turn-on probe with a fast response. It incorporates a thiosulfonate scaffold as its thiol recognition unit. BODIPY-TS displays excellent selectivity, low detection limit, and quantitative reactivity towards thiols. Moreover, it exhibits low toxicity. Notably, BODIPY-TS exhibits excitation at 490 nm and emission at 515 nm.

Tetramethylrhodamine-6-maleimide 是一种具有荧光特性的染料，包含与半胱氨酸共价偶联的活性巯基特异性部分。Tetramethylrhodamine-6-maleimide 可作为标记，用于实时检测全活性 Na+ K+-ATPase 的局部蛋白质运动。

Dibromobimane 是一种硫醇选择性荧光显像剂，用于交联含 cysteine 和 homocysteine 的肽。

NFQ1 作为一种非荧光淬灭剂（吸收波长：474 nm），广泛应用于新型 One Sample Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (OS-FRET) 方法中。该方法通过测量同一样品中未被淬灭的供体发射，利用 NFQ1 的宽广吸收光谱，确保其作为多种供体的有效暗接受剂。

CPM 是一种马来酰亚胺衍生物，作为蓝色荧光硫醇活性染料，激发和发射最大波长为 384nm 和 470nm。

BDP 630 650 maleimide, a fluorophore compatible with the Cyanine5 channel, is valuable for fluorescence lifetime measurements due to its extended excited state lifetime [1].

BADAN (6-Bromoacetyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene) 属于一种对极性高度敏感的荧光探针。

5MP-Fluorescein (compound 3e), a fluorescein dye derived from 5-Methylene pyrrolone (5MP), exemplifies a bioconjugation tool that is both highly thiol-specific and can be removed without a trace [1].

DCI-Br-3是一种检测癫痫脑硫醇的快速、高灵敏度和选择性探针（λex=537 nm，λem=675 nm），能有效穿透血脑屏障（BBB）。

Naph-EA-mal (Thiol-green 1) is a highly efficient and quick-responding thiol fluorescence probe specifically designed for protein labeling and bioimaging applications. This compound offers a rapid detection method and exhibits ultrafast turn-on fluorescence upon interaction with thiols. Naph-EA-mal (Thiol-green 1) enables the detection of thiols in live cells, facilitates the labeling of protein thiols, enables quantification of total thiol concentration in cell lysate, and allows for the determination of reversible protein thiol oxidation in fixed cells. It possesses an excitation wavelength of 488 nM and an emission wavelength of 540 nM.

N-(9-Acridinyl)maleimide为一类马来酰亚胺荧光硫醇探针，本身不具较强荧光。当N-(9-Acridinyl)maleimide与含硫醇的化合物发生偶联反应时，会产生具有显著蓝色荧光的产物，适用于半胱氨酸和谷胱甘肽的荧光分析。

Cyanine3 maleimide tetrafluoroborate是一种巯基特异性标记试剂，λex为550 nm，λem为580 nm，可用于蛋白质和肽标记。

N-(3-Fluoranthyl)maleimide, a thiol fluorescent probe with a lifetime of 20 nsec, has a maximum excitation wavelength of 370 nm and is suitable for studying time-dependent processes of biopolymers [1].

N-4-(5,6-Dimethoxy-N-phthalimidinyl)phenylmaleimide 是一种荧光试剂，主要应用于硫醇的标记。

NIR-Thiol dinitrobenzenesulfonate has both absorption and emission in the NIR region. It is capable of imaging endogenously produced thiol in living cells and mice.

Acrylodan, when subjected to thiol reactions, exhibits sensitivity to the dipolarity and dynamics of its surrounding binding pocket, specifically those surrounding Cys 34.