lung injury

L48H37是Curcumin的一个化学稳定类似物。它对髓系分化蛋白2 (MD2) 表现出强效的抑制性质，作为一个特异性抑制剂。其机制包括抑制LPS-TLR4 MD2的相互作用和信号传导。L48H37主要用于脓血症和肺损伤研究[1]。

Aviptadil Acetate (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide acetate salt) 是模拟血管活性肠多肽类似物，具有血管舒张效应。它可诱导肺血管舒张并抑制血管 SMC 的增殖和血小板聚集。它可用于研究 SARS-CoV-2 引起的肺纤维化、肺动脉高压和呼吸衰竭。

GW274150 是一种具有口服活性，选择性和高效性的 NADPH 依赖型人一氧化氮合成酶 (iNOS) (Kd=40 nM) 和大鼠诱导型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS) 双重抑制剂。GW274150 对人和大鼠的内皮一氧化氮合酶 (eNOS) 和神经元一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS) 活性较低。在急性肺损伤炎症模型中，GW274150 表现出保护作用。

Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (Precedex) 是一种有效的、选择性的、具有口服活性的 α2 肾上腺素能受体 (α2-adrenoceptor) 激动剂，Ki值为1.08 nM。它对 α1 肾上腺素受体显示出 1620 倍的选择性。Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (Precedex)可以通过抗炎、抗氧化和抗细胞凋亡对脓毒症刺激的急性肺损伤发挥保护作用。

Sivelestat (ONO5046) 是一种选择性的中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶抑制剂，其 IC50值为 44 nM，Ki 值为 200 nM。它有潜力研究 COVID-19 的急性肺损伤、急性呼吸窘迫综合征或弥散性血管内凝血。

Matrine (Vegard) 是一种从槐属植物中分离出来的生物碱，可作为一种κ阿片受体激动剂，有抗肿瘤活性。

Linalool (Linalol) 是存在芫荽等植物中的单萜类天然产物，是竞争性NMDA 受体拮抗剂，具有抗肿瘤和抗心脏毒性的作用。它通过激活 Nrf2 诱导抗氧化防御和通过抑制 NF-κB 减少炎症反应来保护其免受 LPS GalN 诱导的肝损伤，具有镇痛、抗菌和抗炎的特性。

Pemetrexed disodium (LY-231514) 是一种叶酸拮抗剂，用于治疗非小细胞肺癌和恶性间皮瘤。它抑制胸苷酸合成酶，二氢叶酸还原酶和甘氨酰胺核苷酸甲酰转移酶的Ki 分别为 1.3 nM，7.2 nM 和 65 nM。

N-Oleoyl valine is an endogenous N-acyl amine that acts as an antagonist at the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 3 (TRPV3) receptor, which is involved in thermoregulation. N-Oleoyl valine is increased in mice following cold exposure for up to at least 16 days. Acute lung injury in mice increases the concentration of N-Oleoyl valine in lung tissue. N-acyl amines also promote mitochondrial uncoupling.

Peiminine (Raddeanine) 是浙贝母中的一种生物碱，具有抗炎症活性。

Phillyrin (Forsythin) 是从连翘中分离出来的一种天然产物，具有抗甲型流感病毒的活性，以及抗菌和消炎作用。

Peimisine (Ebeiensine) 非竞争性拮抗气管平滑肌 M 受体，抑制 Ach 引起的平滑肌收缩。它兴奋 β 受体和拮抗内钙释放，促进一氧化氮释放，可舒张气管平滑肌，有平喘作用。

Ac2-26 TFA is an active n-terminal peptide in annexin A1 (AnxA1), which can alleviate acute lung injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion.

Ac2-26 acetate 是一种膜联蛋白 A1(AnxA1) 的活性 N 末端肽。 Ac2-26 acetate 降低 AnxA1 蛋白表达并抑制受损肺组织中 NF-κB 和 MAPK 通路的激活。 Ac2-26 acetate 可减轻缺血再灌注诱导的急性肺损伤。

(±)9(10)-DiHOME, the diol derivative of (±)9(10)-EpOME—a cytochrome P450-derived epoxide of linoleic acid also known as leukotoxin—is formed through the action of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in neutrophils. It exhibits toxicity towards Sf21 cells expressing sEH as well as tolacZ-expressing control cells, differing from leukotoxin which only harms sEH-containing cells. Furthermore, combined exposure to 9(10)- and 12(13)-DiHOME leads to cell death in rabbit renal proximal tubule cells by disrupting mitochondrial respiration, and causes lung injury, respiratory distress, and mortality in mice, highlighting its role as a toxic lipid mediator. Specifically, 9(10)-DiHOME has been associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a severe and often deadly complication in patients with major burns. Elevated levels of this compound have been detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of women, but not men, with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and its levels are also increased in patients with allergic asthma, indicating its significance in respiratory conditions.

Maresin 1 是由巨噬细胞 (MΦ) 生物合成的小分子化合物，具有显著的抗炎活性，可通过抑制中性粒细胞粘附和降低促炎细胞因子水平来减轻LPS诱导的小鼠肺损伤，可以刺激胞内 Ca2+ 产生和分泌。

6'-Sialyllactose Sodium Salt (6'-N-Acetylneuraminyl-D-lactose sodium salt)是一种存在于母乳中的低聚糖，对 LPS 诱导的 ALI 具有保护作用，通过抑制 STAT1 和 NF-κB 信号通路来减轻 LPS 诱导的肺损伤。

1-Hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxyxanthone (HM-1) has vasodilator action ,which involves both an endothelium-dependent mechanism involving NO and an endothelium-independent mechanism by inhibiting Ca(2+) influx through L-type voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels; a minor contribution to the effects of HM-1 may be related to inhibition of the protein kinase C-mediated release of intracellular Ca(2+) stores. HM-1,at the concentration of 1 ug mL, can effectively inhibit the osteoclast differentiation in a co-culture system with mouse osteoblastic calvarial cells and bone marrow cells; it also can protect mice from the acute lung injury induced by ipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is relative to the increasing of IκB-α protein expression and the suppressing of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-Ⅱ protein expression.

Ajoene is a disulfide that has been found inA. sativumand has diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, antiplatelet, and antioxidant properties.1,2,3,4It is active against Gram-positive (MICs = 5-160 µg ml) and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 136-200 µg ml), as well as yeasts (MICs = 10-20 µg ml).1Ajoene is cytotoxic to mouse melanoma cells (IC50= 18 µM), as well as human colon, lung, mammary, and pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 7-41 µM).2It reduces tumor growth in a B16 BL6 mouse model of melanoma when administered at a dose of 25 mg kg every other day and decreases the number of lung metastases when administered prior to tumor cell inoculation at doses ranging from 1-25 mg kg. It inhibits ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation in isolated baboon platelets when used at concentrations ranging from 75 to 150 µg ml and in platelet-rich plasma isolated from baboons when administered at a dose of 25 mg kg.3Ajoene (25 mg kg) prevents thrombus formation on damaged arterial walls in heparinized pigs in anin situmodel of thrombogenesis.5It also reduces high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, histopathological markers of liver damage, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and protein oxidation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).4 1.Naganawa, R., Iwata, N., Ishikawa, K., et al.Inhibition of microbial growth by ajoene, a sulfur-containing compound derived from garlicAppl. Environ. Microbiol.62(11)4238-4242(1996) 2.Taylor, P., Noriega, R., Farah, C., et al.Ajoene inhibits both primary tumor growth and metastasis of B16 BL6 melanoma cells in C57BL 6 miceCancer Lett.239(2)298-304(2006) 3.Teranishi, K., Apitz-Castro, R., Robson, S.C., et al.Inhibition of baboon platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo by the garlic derivative, ajoeneXenotransplantation10(4)374-379(2003) 4.Han, C.Y., Ki, S.H., Kim, Y.W., et al.Ajoene, a stable garlic by-product, inhibits high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and oxidative injury through LKB1-dependent AMPK activationAntioxid. Redox Signal.14(2)187-202(2011) 5.Apitz-Castro, R., Badimon, J.J., and Badimon, L.A garlic derivative, ajoene, inhibits platelet deposition on severely damaged vessel wall in an in vivo porcine experimental modelThromb. Res.75(3)243-249(1994)

BRL 44408 Maleate 是一种高效性 α2A-肾上腺素受体拮抗剂，具有抗抑郁和镇痛活性，可降低脂多糖 （LPS） 诱导的表达，通过抑制小鼠丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶 细胞外调节蛋白激酶信号通路来减轻内源性脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤。

AZD1236 is a potent and reversible inhibitor of human MMP-9 and MMP-12 (IC50 = 4.5 and 6.1nM, respectively), with >10-fold selectivity to MMP-2 and MMP-13 and >350-fold selectivity to other members of the enzyme family. AZD1236 activity is approximately 20 to 50-fold lower at the rat, mouse, and guinea pig orthologues. In acute models of lung injury, AZD1236 inhibited the haemorrhage and inflammation induced by instillation of human MMP-12 into rat lungs by ~80% at 0.81mg kg, and also abolished macrophage infiltration into BAL fluid induced by tobacco smoke inhalation in the mouse.

Nezulcitinib (TD-0903) 是一种吸入的、肺选择性的 pan-Janus kinase (JAK) 抑制剂，能够用于研究 COVID-19 相关急性肺损伤及氧合受损。

Cyy-272 作为一种口服活性的JNK抑制剂，其对JNK1、JNK2、JNK3的IC50值分别为1.25、1.07、1.24 μM。该化合物通过阻断JNK的磷酸化功能发挥抗炎作用，有效缓解由脂多糖 (LPS) 诱导的急性肺损伤 (ALI)。此外，Cyy-272 还能显著减少高脂质水平诱导的心肌细胞及心脏组织炎症，进而降低心脏肥大、纤维化及细胞凋亡 (Apoptosis)。因此，Cyy-272 可作为研究肥胖性心肌炎的重要工具。

Teduglutide (ALX-0600) 是一种胰高血糖素样肽-2 类似物，可增加肠道吸收，通过促进粘膜生长、减少粘膜生长来改善肠道康复，可用于研究短肠综合征 （SBS）。Teduglutide 可激活 (NR4a1) nur77 表达和 FXR 信号传导，缓解小鼠的肠功能不全，改善肺损伤，可用于研究代谢疾病和心血管疾病。