high-fat diet

Cetilistat (ATL-962) 是胰腺脂肪酶 (pancreatic lipase) 抑制剂，能够抑制大鼠脂肪酶(IC50:54.8 nM)和人胰脂肪酶(IC50:5.95 nM)的活性，可用作有效的抗肥胖药。

Nicotinamide riboside 是维生素 B3 的来源，可以增强氧化代谢并防止高脂肪饮食诱导的代谢异常。它是具有口服活性的 NAD+的前体，增加 NAD+水平并激活SIRT1和SIRT3，可用于研究阿尔茨海默氏病的认知退化。

Rhododendrol (Frambinol) 是一种黑色素合成物，防止雄性小鼠高脂饮食引起的体重升高和增加雄性小鼠白色脂肪细胞的脂肪分解。Rhododendrol 可用作美白 美白化妆品抑制剂。

Oxfenicine (4-Hydroxy-L-phenylglycine) 是具有口服活性的肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1 抑制剂。它在缺血期间保护心脏免受坏死组织的损害。它可抑制心脏中脂肪酸的氧化。

Punicalagin 是一种在石榴中发现的主要鞣花单宁，是可逆且非竞争性的 3CLpro 抑制剂。Punicalagin 具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗肿瘤活性。

Bilobetin 是银杏的活性成分，可改善胰岛素抵抗，增加肝脏对脂质的吸收和氧化，降低极低密度脂蛋白甘油三酯分泌和血液甘油三酯水平，增强组织中 β-氧化的酶的表达和活性，并减弱甘油三酯及其代谢产物的积累。它还增加了 PPARα的磷酸化，核转位和活性，并伴随着 cAMP 水平和 PKA 活性的升高。

Eriocitrin (Eriodictyol-7-O-Rutinoside) 是从柠檬中分离出来的一种黄酮类天然产物，是强效的抗氧化剂。它通过激活线粒体涉及的内在信号传导途径来触发细胞凋亡。它通过上调 p53、cyclin A、cyclin D3 和 CDK6 使 S 期细胞周期停滞，从而抑制肝癌细胞的增殖。

10,12-Tricosadiynoic acid 是一种口服有效的酰基辅酶 A 氧化酶-1 (ACOX1) 抑制剂，具有高特异性，选择性，高亲和力的特点。10,12-Tricosadiynoic acid 可改善线粒体脂质和 ROS 代谢，在高脂饮食或肥胖引起的代谢性疾病中有研究的价值。

KPLH1130，一种选择性丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶(PDK)抑制剂，在高脂饮食(HFD)喂养的小鼠中提高了糖耐量。KPLH1130 抑制巨噬细胞极化并减轻了炎症反应。

PCSK9-IN-29 是一种有效的降脂药物。在 hepG2 细胞中，该化合物能够增强低密度脂蛋白受体 (LDLR) 的表达，同时减少 PCSK9 蛋白的表达。此外，在食用高脂肪饮食的食蟹猴体内，PCSK9-IN-29 能显著降低血清中 LDL-C、TC 以及肝酶 ALT 的水平，有效减轻体重和体脂，并提升骨矿物质含量。该化合物主要用于非酒精性脂肪性肝炎与肥胖症的研究领域。

ALG-055009，一种甲状腺激素受体 β (THR-β) 激动剂，其EC50为0.063 μM。在高脂饮食的大鼠实验中显示，该化合物能有效降低总胆固醇水平。ALG-055009适用于研究与代谢功能障碍有关的脂肪肝疾病。

HPG1860, 作为法尼酮X受体(FXR)的激动剂，在使用表达人类FXR的HEK293T细胞的报告基因检测中能引发发光（EC50 = 18 nM）。动物体内实验显示，HPG1860（每天1、3、或10 mg kg）可以减少非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（NASH）小鼠模型的血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和总胆固醇水平，该小鼠模型是通过高脂饮食和四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导的。此化合物还能降低肝部的炎症、脂肪积累及纤维化。

E17241作为ABCA1基因表达的诱导剂，具有显著的生物活性（EC50 = 280 nM）。它同时也是一种过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体（PPARs）的激动剂，在HepG2细胞中能通过激活PPARγ、PPARα和PPARδ，促进PPAR介导的基因表达（EC50分别为290, 3,900, 和879 nM）。在RAW 264.7巨噬细胞中，E17241可以增强ABCA1蛋白的水平，这一作用在使用针对PKCζ mRNA的siRNA时失效。在用E17241处理的RAW 264.7细胞中，当浓度为0.4, 2, 或 10 µM时，可增加胆固醇的外流。此外，针对ApoE- -小鼠的动脉粥样硬化模型表明，每日25 mg kg的E17241剂量能有效降低血浆中的胆固醇、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）水平以及肝脏中的胆固醇和甘油三酯含量，且减少了主动脉的病变面积。此外，每日50 mg kg的E17241剂量可以在高脂高糖（HFHG）饮食下减轻KKAy糖尿病小鼠的血糖水平和体重。

Wnt β-catenin activator 1 (Compound 5m) 是一种有效的口服Wnt β-catenin信号激活剂，其功能包括在G1期阻滞细胞周期、抑制脂肪细胞早期增殖，并在3T3-L1细胞中抑制脂肪生成，IC50为330 nM。在高脂饮食喂养的叙利亚金黄仓鼠模型中，Wnt β-catenin activator 1 展现了抗脂肪生成和抗血脂异常的活性。

p-nitro-Pifithrin-α is a cell-permeable analog of pifithrin-α, a potent p53 inhibitor. It suppresses p53-mediated TGF-β1 expression in HK-2 cells and inhibits the activation of caspase-3 by Zika virus (ZIKV) strains. Moreover, p-nitro-Pifithrin-α attenuates steatosis and liver injury in mice subjected to a high-fat diet, mitigating the effects of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [1] [2] [3] [4].

Nicotinamide Riboside Triflate (SRT647 Triflate) 是一种天然NAD前体，可增加NAD水平，可增强氧化代谢并防止高脂肪饮食引起的肥胖，KE 激活SIRT3可防止噪音引起的听力损失,可用于研究肌肉萎缩。

TA-1887 is a new type of selective inhibitor of sglt2 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It has a significant hypoglycemic effect in KK (HF-KK) mice fed a high-fat diet. TA-1887 has good pharmacokinetic characteristics and significantly increases UGE

YW1128 is an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with an IC50 value of 4.1 nM in a reporter assay.1 It decreases protein levels of β-catenin in the presence of the GSK3β inhibitor lithium chloride and increases protein levels of Axin1 in HEK293 cells. YW1128 decreases lipid accumulation and the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes in Huh7 cells. It decreases the hepatic expression of Wnt target genes, improves glucose tolerance, and prevents body weight increases and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice fed a high-fat diet, but not mice fed normal chow, when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg every other day for 11 weeks.References1. Obianom, O.N., Ai, Y., Li, Y., et al. Triazole-based inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway improve glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese mice. J. Med. Chem. 62(2), 727-741 (2019). YW1128 is an inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with an IC50 value of 4.1 nM in a reporter assay.1 It decreases protein levels of β-catenin in the presence of the GSK3β inhibitor lithium chloride and increases protein levels of Axin1 in HEK293 cells. YW1128 decreases lipid accumulation and the expression of gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes in Huh7 cells. It decreases the hepatic expression of Wnt target genes, improves glucose tolerance, and prevents body weight increases and hepatic lipid accumulation in mice fed a high-fat diet, but not mice fed normal chow, when administered at a dose of 40 mg/kg every other day for 11 weeks. References1. Obianom, O.N., Ai, Y., Li, Y., et al. Triazole-based inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway improve glucose and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese mice. J. Med. Chem. 62(2), 727-741 (2019).

AcylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) is an intracellular cholesteryl ester synthase tied closely to the absorption of dietary cholesterol. Oleic acid-2,6-diisopropylanilide is an inhibitor of acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase with an IC50 of 7 nM. When co-administered to rabbits or rats fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet, oleic acid-2,6-diisopropylanilide decreased low density lipoproteins and elevated high density lipoprotein levels when administered at 0.05%.

Ajoene is a disulfide that has been found inA. sativumand has diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, antiplatelet, and antioxidant properties.1,2,3,4It is active against Gram-positive (MICs = 5-160 µg ml) and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 136-200 µg ml), as well as yeasts (MICs = 10-20 µg ml).1Ajoene is cytotoxic to mouse melanoma cells (IC50= 18 µM), as well as human colon, lung, mammary, and pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 7-41 µM).2It reduces tumor growth in a B16 BL6 mouse model of melanoma when administered at a dose of 25 mg kg every other day and decreases the number of lung metastases when administered prior to tumor cell inoculation at doses ranging from 1-25 mg kg. It inhibits ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation in isolated baboon platelets when used at concentrations ranging from 75 to 150 µg ml and in platelet-rich plasma isolated from baboons when administered at a dose of 25 mg kg.3Ajoene (25 mg kg) prevents thrombus formation on damaged arterial walls in heparinized pigs in anin situmodel of thrombogenesis.5It also reduces high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, histopathological markers of liver damage, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and protein oxidation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).4 1.Naganawa, R., Iwata, N., Ishikawa, K., et al.Inhibition of microbial growth by ajoene, a sulfur-containing compound derived from garlicAppl. Environ. Microbiol.62(11)4238-4242(1996) 2.Taylor, P., Noriega, R., Farah, C., et al.Ajoene inhibits both primary tumor growth and metastasis of B16 BL6 melanoma cells in C57BL 6 miceCancer Lett.239(2)298-304(2006) 3.Teranishi, K., Apitz-Castro, R., Robson, S.C., et al.Inhibition of baboon platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo by the garlic derivative, ajoeneXenotransplantation10(4)374-379(2003) 4.Han, C.Y., Ki, S.H., Kim, Y.W., et al.Ajoene, a stable garlic by-product, inhibits high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and oxidative injury through LKB1-dependent AMPK activationAntioxid. Redox Signal.14(2)187-202(2011) 5.Apitz-Castro, R., Badimon, J.J., and Badimon, L.A garlic derivative, ajoene, inhibits platelet deposition on severely damaged vessel wall in an in vivo porcine experimental modelThromb. Res.75(3)243-249(1994)

SR 1903 is a modulator of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ) and liver X receptor (LXR).1 It is an inverse agonist of RORγ (IC50 = ~100 nM in a cell-based reporter assay) and an agonist of LXR. It also binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ; IC50 = 209 nM) but does not activate it. SR 1903 (10 μM) inhibits LPS-induced expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) in RAW 264.7 cells. It also inhibits LPS-induced expression of the LXR target genes IL-6 and IL-33 and increases expression of ABCG1, FASN, and SCD-1 in RAW 264.7 cells. SR 1903 (20 mg kg twice per day) reduces severity score in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. It reduces blood glucose levels in a glucose tolerance test, serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL, body weight, and fat mass in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity.References1. Chang, M.R., Ciesla, A., Strutzenberg, T.S., et al. Unique polypharmacology nuclear receptor modulator blocks inflammatory signaling pathways. ACS Chem. Biol. 14(5), 1051-1062 (2019). SR 1903 is a modulator of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ) and liver X receptor (LXR).1 It is an inverse agonist of RORγ (IC50 = ~100 nM in a cell-based reporter assay) and an agonist of LXR. It also binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ; IC50 = 209 nM) but does not activate it. SR 1903 (10 μM) inhibits LPS-induced expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) in RAW 264.7 cells. It also inhibits LPS-induced expression of the LXR target genes IL-6 and IL-33 and increases expression of ABCG1, FASN, and SCD-1 in RAW 264.7 cells. SR 1903 (20 mg kg twice per day) reduces severity score in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. It reduces blood glucose levels in a glucose tolerance test, serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL, body weight, and fat mass in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity. References1. Chang, M.R., Ciesla, A., Strutzenberg, T.S., et al. Unique polypharmacology nuclear receptor modulator blocks inflammatory signaling pathways. ACS Chem. Biol. 14(5), 1051-1062 (2019).

In humans, two forms of diacylglycerol lipase, DAGLα and DAGLβ, generate the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol by attacking DAG at the sn-1 position. O-7460 is a selective inhibitor of 2-AG biosynthesis via DAGLα (IC50 = 690 nM). It demonstrates much weaker inhibition towards human monoacylglycerol lipase and rat brain fatty acid amide hydrolase (IC50s > 10 μM) and does not bind to CB1 or CB2 cannabinoid receptors (Kis > 10 μM). At 0-12 mg kg, i.p. in mice, O-7460 was reported to dose-dependently inhibit high-fat diet intake and reduce body weight.

Obestatin is a 23 amino acid peptide hormone with a conserved C-terminal glycine residue and amidation site that is formed by cleavage of the ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide.1It binds to the orphan receptor GPR39 (Kd= 1 nM) and stimulates cAMP production in CHO and HEK293 cells overexpressing human GPR39. Obestatin inhibits contraction of isolated mouse jejunum muscle strips induced by ghrelin .In vivo, obestatin (12.5-1,000 nmol/kg) suppresses food intake in a time- and dose-dependent manner and reduces body weight gain and gastric emptying in mice. Obestatin (0.22 g per animal) also reduces food intake and glucose response without affecting plasma insulin responses in fasted high-fat diet fed mice.2 1.Zhang, J.V., Ren, P.C., Avsian-Kretchmer, O., et al.Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intakeScience310(5750)996-999(2005) 2.Subasinghage, A.P., Green, B.D., Flatt, P.R., et al.Metabolic and structural properties of human obestatin {1-23} and two fragment peptidesPeptides31(9)1697-1705(2010)

Resolvin E2 (RvE2) is a member of the specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) family of bioactive lipids.1It is produced from eicosapentaenoic acidviaan 18-HEPE intermediate, which is formed by aspirin-acetylated COX-2-mediated oxidation of EPA, by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) in human polymorphonuclear (PMN) neutrophils.2,3RvE2 (20 ng/animal) inhibits increases in inflammatory exudate neutrophil infiltration in a mouse model of peritonitis induced by zymosan A .3Hepatic RvE2 levels are increased in mice fed normal chow, as well as in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), by dietary supplementation with EPA.4Plasma levels of RvE2 are increased by dietary supplementation with fish oil containing ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in patients with peripheral artery disease or chronic kidney disease.1,5,6 1.Chiang, N., and Serhan, C.N.Specialized pro-resolving mediator network: An update on production and actionsEssays Biochem.64(3)443-462(2020) 2.Tjonahen, E., Oh, S.F., Siegelman, J., et al.Resolvin E2: Identification and anti-inflammatory actions: Pivotal role of human 5-lipoxygenase in resolvin E series biosynthesisChemistry & Biology131193-1202(2006) 3.Sungwhan, F.O., Pillai, P.S., Recchiuti, A., et al.Pro-resolving actions and stereoselective biosynthesis of 18S E-series resolvins in human leukocytes and murine inflammationJ. Clin. Invest.121(2)569-581(2011) 4.Echeverría, F., Valenzuela, R., Espinosa, A., et al.Reduction of high-fat diet-induced liver proinflammatory state by eicosapentaenoic acid plus hydroxytyrosol supplementation: Involvement of resolvins RvE1/2 and RvD1/2J. Nutr. Biochem.6335-43(2019) 5.Ramirez, J.L., Gasper, W.J., Khetani, S.A., et al.Fish oil increases specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in PAD (the OMEGA-PAD II trial)J. Surg. Res.238164-174(2019) 6.Barden, A.E., Shinde, S., Burke, V., et al.The effect of n-3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 supplementation on neutrophil leukotrienes, mediators of inflammation resolution and myeloperoxidase in chronic kidney diseaseProstaglandins Other Lipid Mediat.1361-8(2018)