phagocytosis

BMS-986235 (LAR-1219) 是一种特异性和口服活性的甲酰肽受体 2 (FPR2) 激动剂，对 hFPR2 和 mFPR2 的 EC50 分别为 0.41 nM 和 3.4 nM。 BMS-986235 可用于预防心力衰竭的研究。

DO-264 是一种自水解酶结构域 12 (ABHD12) 的抑制剂(IC50：11 nM)，也是一种细胞LysoPS降解抑制剂，可增强 LPS 诱导的吞噬作用。

NCGC00135472 (DRV1 (GPR32) agonist C2A)是具有促分解功能的人Resolvin D1受体激动剂,可在β阻滞素和 cAMP 测定中激活人溶解蛋白 D1 受体 DRV1 GPR32 受体，EC50 分别为 0.37 uM 和 0.05 uM。NCGC00135472在过表达重组DRV1的细胞中引起快速阻抗变化，刺激血清处理的酶聚糖的吞噬作用。

Boc-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethyl ketone (Boc-Asp(OMe)-FMK) 是广谱的 caspase 抑制剂，可抑制 Fas 介导的吞噬作用和氧化破裂抑制，但对 IL-8 的趋化活性无影响。

Traxanox 是一种可口服的利尿剂。Traxanox 在体外增强小鼠腹膜巨噬细胞或大鼠腹膜多形核白细胞对酵母颗粒的吞噬作用。Traxanox 对抑制BALB c小鼠抗体产生的恢复作用。

Traxanox TFA 是一种可口服的利尿剂。Traxanox TFA 在体外增强小鼠腹膜巨噬细胞或大鼠腹膜多形核白细胞对酵母颗粒的吞噬作用。Traxanox TFA 对抑制BALB c小鼠抗体产生的恢复作用。

Uridine-5'-diphosphate disodium salt (UDP disodium salt) 是一种选择性 P2Y6受体激动剂，EC50为300 nM，对人 P2Y6受体的 pEC50为6.52。它可刺激炎症介质的产生、吞噬作用和血管收缩，催化多种底物的葡糖醛酸糖化反应，用于核酸生物合成。

O-PHOSPHO-L-SERINE 是丝氨酸和磷酸的酯，是人类生物流体中的正常代谢物。O-phospho-L-serine 是一种吞噬抑制剂，抑制光损伤后的神经胶质细胞增殖和锥体细胞再生。

L-aspartic acid potasium salt（VX-548） 是一种广泛存在于动植物体内的氨基酸。L-aspartic acid potasium salt驱动氮氧化物的产生，从而促进吞噬作用，有助于提高鱼类的成活率。L-aspartic acid potasium salt 可对抗生素产生刺激，刺激作用可能与参与天冬氨酸-4-半醛生物合成的前体有关。

Bisdemethoxycurcumin (Curcumin III) 是一种具有抗炎及抗氧化作用的姜黄素。

ZIM，一种从4-Aminoantipyrine衍生的降冰片烯，有效诱导DNA损伤，造成基因组及染色体损害，进而引发细胞死亡和激活吞噬。其化疗潜力适用于癌症研究。

Resolvin D1 (RvD1) 是一种内源性促进炎症消解介质，可通过调节肌动蛋白聚合阻断促进炎症的中性粒细胞迁移，减少 TNF-α 介导的炎症在巨噬细胞中的作用，并增强巨噬细胞对凋亡细胞的吞噬作用。

RP-182-PEG3-K palmitic acid (Compound 1a) 在CD206high M2型巨噬细胞中显示出抑制作用，具有3.2 µM的IC50值，并能促进吞噬作用。此外，该化合物在小鼠B16黑色素瘤模型中的同种异体移植试验中展示了其抗肿瘤活性。

PLD-IN-1（Compound 3r），作为一种有效的磷脂酶D（phospholipase D）抑制剂，其IC50为1.97 μM，能够通过调节肺癌细胞的免疫逃避机制来抑制肿瘤。该化合物能降低CD24、CD47和PD-L1的表达，并增强钙网络蛋白的表达，从而促进巨噬细胞吞噬癌细胞。此外，PLD-IN-1抑制多种肺癌细胞线的细胞活力，包括A549、HCC44、H460和HCC15，其IC50分别为18.44、22.31、24.85和21.45 μM。它还可以诱导A549细胞凋亡（apoptosis）并抑制细胞迁移，同时增强促炎性M1巨噬细胞水平并降低抗炎性M2巨噬细胞水平，展现出在小鼠模型中的抗肿瘤活性。

KB-208 是一种吞噬作用 (phagocytosis) 抑制剂，在小鼠模型中以 1 mg kg 剂量改善免疫性血小板减少症 (ITP)。KB-208 对其他血液参数无影响，且不增加血清毒性生化标志物。KB-208 可用于免疫研究领域。

ICD inducer-1 (Compound Re1) 是一种高效的免疫原性细胞死亡 (ICD) 诱导剂，能够靶向内质网 (ER) 并于后期抑制 ER 吞噬作用，具有在癌症研究中的应用潜力。

Cytochalasin D is an actin inhibitor, the removal of actin stress fibers is crucial for the chondrogenic differentiation. It may be an inhibitor of some fertilization processes such as sperm penetration or sperm head decondensation. Cytochalasin D inhibit

Traxanox sodium 是一种可口服的利尿剂。Traxanox sodium 在体外增强小鼠腹膜巨噬细胞或大鼠腹膜多形核白细胞对酵母颗粒的吞噬作用。Traxanox sodium 对抑制BALB c小鼠抗体产生的恢复作用。

Gliotoxin-13C13is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of gliotoxin by GC- or LC-MS. Gliotoxin is an immunosuppressive mycotoxin produced by pathogenic strains ofAspergillusand other fungi with diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8It inhibits 20S proteasomal chymotrypsin activity (IC50= 10 μM), blocking the degradation of IκBα and preventing the activation of NF-κB.2,3Gliotoxin induces apoptosis in monocytes and dendritic cells and reduces phagocytosis by neutrophils.4,5It suppresses viral infection by Nipah and Hendra virus in HEK293T cells (IC50s = 149 and 579 nM, respectively).6Under reducing conditions, gliotoxin inhibits leukotriene A4hydrolase epoxide hydrolase activity, but not aminopeptidase activity, and leukotriene B4synthesis in neutrophils and monocytes.7

Resolvin conjugate in tissue regeneration 1 (RCTR1) is a specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) biosynthesized from docosahexaenoic acid by isolated human macrophages and apoptotic polymorphonuclear (PMN) neutrophils.1It has been found in human spleen and bone marrow.2RCTR1 is produced via lipoxygenase-mediated oxidation of DHA to 7(S)-8-epoxy-17(S)-HDHA, which is conjugated to glutathione.1,2,3RCTR1 (10 nM) increases phagocytosis ofE. colior apoptotic neutrophils in isolated human monocyte-derived macrophages.2It decreases chemotaxis induced by leukotriene B4in isolated human neutrophils when used at a concentration of 10 nM. RCTR1 (1 and 10 nM) accelerates tissue regeneration in planaria. Intraperitoneal administration of RCTR1 (100 ng/animal) shortens the inflammatory resolution period and decreases inflammatory exudate neutrophil infiltration in a mouse model ofE. coli-induced peritonitis. 1.Dalli, J., Ramon, S., Norris, P.C., et al.Novel proresolving and tissue-regenerative resolvin and protectin sulfido-conjugated pathwaysFASEB J.29(5)2120-2136(2015) 2.de la Rosa, X., Norris, P.C., Chiang, N., et al.Identification and complete stereochemical assignments of the new resolvin conjugates in tissue regeneration in human tissues that stimulate proresolving phagocyte functions and tissue regenerationAm. J. Pathol.188(4)950-966(2018) 3.Rodriguez, A.R., and Spur, B.W.First total synthesis of pro-resolving and tissue-regenerative resolvin sulfido-conjugatesTetrahedron Lett.58(16)1662-1668(2017)

Docosahexaenoic acid is a nutritionally-derived ω-3 fatty acid that is abundant in the brain and the retina and is thought to be important in early development and for therapeutic approaches to inflammatory disorders and cancer. 14(S)-HDHA is an oxygenation product of DHA that serves as a precursor to maresin 1 , an anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving mediator that prevents polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration and stimulates macrophage phagocytosis. At doses as low as 0.2 ng/mouse 14(S)-HDHA administration resulted in reduced infiltration of PMNs into sites of inflammation.

Maresin conjugates in tissue regeneration 1 (MCTR1) is a specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) synthesized from docosahexaenoic acid in macrophages at the site of inflammation. DHA is oxidized to maresin 1 , which is then converted to MCTR1 by glutathione S-transferase Mu 4 or leukotriene C4 synthase. MCTR1 accelerates tissue regeneration in planaria (1 and 100 nM). Pretreatment with MCTR1 (50 ng mouse, i.p.) prior to E. coli administration reduces neutrophil infiltration, shortens the inflammatory resolution period, and increases phagocytosis of E. coli by macrophages. When administered at a dose of 100 ng 12h post E. coli infection in a mouse model of peritonitis, MCTR1 reduces the amount of eicosanoids in the exudate.

Maresin conjugates in tissue regeneration 2 (MCTR2) is a specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) synthesized from docosahexaenoic acid in macrophages at the site of inflammation. DHA is oxidized to maresin 1 , which is converted to MCTR1 by glutathione S-transferase Mu 4 or leukotriene C4 synthase then to MCTR2 by γ-glutamyl transferase. MCTR2 accelerates tissue regeneration in planaria (1 and 100 nM). Pretreatment with MCTR2 prior to E. coli administration reduces neutrophil infiltration, shortens the inflammatory resolution period, and increases phagocytosis of E. coli by macrophages. When administered at a dose of 100 ng 12h post E. coli infection in a mouse model of peritonitis, MCTR2 selectively reduced the amount of the eicosanoids PGD2 and PGF2α in the exudate.

Maresin conjugates in tissue regeneration 3 (MCTR3) is a specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) synthesized from docosahexaenoic acid in macrophages. DHA is oxidized to maresin 1 , which is converted to MCTR1 by glutathione S-transferase Mu 4 or leukotriene C4 synthase, then to MCTR2 by γ-glutamyl transferase, and to MCTR3 by dipeptidase. MCTR3 accelerates tissue regeneration in planaria (1 and 100 nM) approximately as potently as MCTR2 and more potently than MCTR1. Pretreatment with MCTR3 prior to E. coli administration in mice reduces neutrophil infiltration, shortens the inflammatory resolution period, and increases phagocytosis of E. coli by macrophages. When administered at a dose of 100 ng 12h post E. coli infection in a mouse model of peritonitis, MCTR3 selectively reduces the amount of the eicosanoids PGD2 , PGE2 , PGF2α , and TXB2 in the exudate.