peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor d

25-Hydroxytachysterol3 是 Vitamin D3 的一种代谢产物。它能够抑制表皮角质细胞和真皮成纤维细胞的增殖，并促进角质形成细胞的分化及抗氧化相关基因的表达。25-Hydroxytachysterol3 能够激活维生素 D 受体 (VDR)、芳烃受体 (AhR)、肝 X 受体 α β (LXRα β) 和过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体 γ (PPARγ)，并刺激 CYP24A1 的表达。

Cefminox (Sodium) is a new cephamycin antibiotic possessing a D-amino acid moiety derived from D-cysteine at the C-7B side chain. Cefminox is active against a wide range of bacteria, especially Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria. Cefminox shows excellent in vivo efficacy (ED50) which is higher than would be expected from its in vitro activity (MIC). Moreover, cefminox possesses more potent activity in suppression of bacterial regrowth than other cephems[1]. Cefminox (Sodium) was the most active beta-lactam, with an MIC at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (MIC50) of 1.0 microg ml and an MIC90 of 16.0 microg ml. Cefminox was especially active against Bacteroides fragilis (MIC90, 2.0 microg ml), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (MIC90, 4.0 microg ml), fusobacteria (MIC90, 1.0 microg ml), peptostreptococci (MIC90, 2.0 microg ml), and clostridia, including Clostridium difficile (MIC90, 2.0 microg ml)[2]. The use of a single preoperative dose of cefminox was similar in efficacy to 3 doses of cefoxitin administered every 4 hours, and that the serum and tissue concentrations attained provide adequate antibiotic coverage[3]. Moreover, cefminox as a dual agonist of IP (Prostacyclin receptor) and PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma) that significantly inhibits PASMC proliferation by up-regulation of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) and cAMP ( cyclic adenosine monophosphate), suggesting that it has potential for treatment of PAH(pulmonary arterial hypertension)[4].

Ophiopogonin D 是从麦冬的块茎中分离的一种天然产物，是罕见的天然存在的 C29甾体糖苷。它是一种 CYP2J3 诱导剂，用于炎症和心血管疾病的相关研究。