nitrite

NOS-IN-1 (2-Imino-4-methylpiperidine acetate) 是有效的、具有口服活性的一氧化氮合酶 (NOS) 的抑制剂。NOS-IN-1抑制人 iNOS (hiNOS)，hnNOS 和 heNOS 的 IC50 分别为 0.1 μM，0.2 μM 和1.1 μM。

Silver nitrite 是化学式为 AgNO2 的无机化合物。它通过干扰蛋白质合成来抑制细胞分裂和细菌生长。

Sodium Nitrite (Nitrous acid, sodium salt) 是一种不易保存的化合物，放置在空气中会被氧化成硝酸。Sodium Nitrite 具有多种功能，既具有氧化性又具有还原性，作用颇多。

Uric Acid (Lithic acid) 是一种重要的抗氧化剂。Uric acid 能清除活性氧(ROS) ，如单线态氧和过氧亚硝酸盐，抑制脂质过氧化。Uric acid 有助于维持血压的稳定和抗氧化应激。

Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) 是一种外源性的 NO 供体，是大鼠酒精脱氢酶III 类同工酶的底物，能够减少脑血管紧张素II 依赖性及非依赖型的 AT1 受体反应。

GKT136901 (AK120765) 是选择性的和具有口服活性的 NADPH 氧化酶 NOX-1 4抑制剂，Ki 分别为 160 和 165 nM。它具有抗炎症活性。它也是一种选择性和直接的过氧亚硝酸清除剂。它可用于糖尿病肾病，中风和神经退行性疾病的研究。

Tinidazole (CP12574) 是一种对厌氧菌和原生动物具有选择性抗菌活性的 5-硝基咪唑，是一种具有口服活性的抗菌剂。

9(10)-Nitrooleate，一个内源性脂质信号分子混合体，主要由9-硝基油酸和10-硝基油酸组成。在过氧亚硝酸、酸化亚硝酸和髓过氧化物酶的作用下，该化合物通过与过氧化氢（H2O2）和亚硝酸反应，硝化油酸而形成。

(±)19(20)-EDP ethanolamide is an ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxide and cannabinoid (CB) receptor agonist (EC50s = 108 and 280 nM for CB1 and CB2, respectively). It is produced through direct epoxygenation of docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide by cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases. (±)19(20)-EDP ethanolamide (25 μM) reduces the viability of 143B metastatic osteosarcoma cells. It decreases the production of IL-6 and increases the production of IL-10 when used at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 10 μM in BV-2 microglia stimulated by LPS and decreases LPS-induced cytotoxicity when used at concentrations ranging from 5 to 10 μM. It also decreases nitrite production when used at a concentration of 7.5 μM, an effect that can be partially reversed by the CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 and the PPARγ antagonist GW 9662 . (±)19(20)-EDP ethanolamide induces vasodilation of isolated preconstricted bovine coronary arteries (ED50 = 1.9 μM) and reduces tube formation by human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) in a Matrigel assay.

Nitrated unsaturated fatty acids, such as 10- and 12-nitrolinoleate , cholesteryl nitrolinoleate, and nitrohydroxylinoleate, represent a new class of endogenous lipid-derived signalling molecules. LNO2 isomers serve as potent endogenous ligands for PPARγ and can also decompose or be metabolized to release nitric oxide. 9-Nitrooleate is one of two regioisomers of nitrooleate, the other being 10-nitrooleate (OA-NO2; used for the mixture of isomers), which are formed by nitration of oleic acid in approximately equal proportions in vivo. Peroxynitrite, acidified nitrite, and myeloperoxidase in the presence of H2O2 and nitrite, all mediate the nitration of oleic acid. OA-NO2 is found in human plasma as the free acid and esterified in phospholipids at concentrations of 619 ± 52 nM and 302 ± 369 nM, respectively. OA-NO2 activates PPARγ approximately 7-fold at a concentration of 1 μM and effectively promotes differentiation 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to adipocytes at 3 μM.

9(E),11(E)-12-nitro Conjugated linoleic acid (9(E),11(E)-12-nitro CLA) is a nitrated fatty acid. It is formed from 9(Z),11(E)-CLA upon exposure to acidified nitrite, peroxynitrite, gaseous nitrogen dioxide, or a combination of myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and nitrite.1It is also formed in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, an effect that can be reduced by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME .29(E),11(E)-12-nitro CLA has been found in human plasma. 1.Woodcock, S.R., Salvatore, S.R., Bonacci, G., et al.Biomimetic nitration of conjugated linoleic acid: Formation and characterization of naturally occurring conjugated nitrodienesJ. Org. Chem.79(1)25-33(2014) 2.Bonacci, G., Baker, P.R.S., Salvatore, S.R., et al.Conjugated linoleic acid is a preferential substrate for fatty acid nitrationJ. Biol. Chem.287(53)44071-44082(2012)

10-Nitrolinoleate is the product of nitration of linoleate by NO-derived reactive species. Other nitrolinoleates detected in human plasma and urine include 9-, 12-, and 13-nitrolinoleate. Nitrolinoleates activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ; Ki = 133 nM), inducing CD36 expression in macrophages, adipocyte differentiation, and glucose uptake. Nitrolinoleates can also be metabolized by smooth muscle cells to produce nitrite derivatives which in turn form NO, leading to increased cGMP production and smooth muscle relaxation. Through the same mechanism, nitrolinoleate-derived NO suppresses leukocyte adhesion, in part through nitrosation of CD40. Alteratively, nitrolinoleates can act independently of NO/cGMP and PPARγ signaling to suppress neutrophil and macrophage functions.

Apiin (Apioside) 是Apium graveolens 叶片的一种主要成分，具有抗炎作用。它在体外抑制亚硝酸盐产生的IC50值为0.08 mg mL，在 LPS 激活的 J774.A1 细胞中抑制 iNOS 的表达的IC50值为0.049 mg mL。

(±)-γ-Tocopherol is a form of vitamin E with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It traps and detoxifies reactive nitrogen oxide species, including nitrogen dioxide, in cell-free assays. It also reduces the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 macrophages and by IL-1β in A549 cells. (±)-γ-Tocopherol inhibits LPS-induced nitrite release and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in RAW 264.7 cells and reduces COX-2 activity in A549 cells pretreated with IL-1β. Serum levels of (±)-γ-tocopherol are decreased in patients with cardiovascular disease.

Pap12-6是一种从蝶类P. xuthus幼虫中发现的papiliocin十二个N-端氨基酸衍生的抗菌肽。它对包括E. coli、P. aeruginosa和S. syphimurium在内的八种革兰氏阴性细菌（MIC50s = 4-8 µM）以及革兰氏阳性细菌S. aureus、耐甲氧西林的S. aureus 3126（MRSA-3126）、B. subtilis和S. epidermidis（MIC50s = 4-8 µM）具有活性，但在25 µM浓度下不影响人类红细胞、小鼠RAW 264.7巨噬细胞、人类HaCaT角质形成细胞或人类HEK293肾细胞的活性。Pap12-6在4和8 µM浓度下可引起E. coli的膜去极化。Pap12-6（10 µM）预处理可降低LPS刺激的RAW 264.7巨噬细胞中一氧化氮（NO2-）、Tnf-α和Il-6的分泌水平。在体内，Pap12-6（10 mg/kg）可以提高感染E. coli的小鼠的存活率，并且在剂量为1 mg/kg时减少感染E. coli小鼠的肺、肝和肾中菌落形成单位（CFUs）的数量。Pap12-6（1 mg/kg）在E. coli诱导的败血症小鼠模型中降低血清天门冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）和丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）水平及血尿素氮水平。

8-bromo NAD+ 作为循环ADP-核糖（cADPR）抑制剂8-bromo cADPR的前药形式，通过CD38转化为8-bromo-cADPR。在1 mM浓度下，8-bromo NAD+ 阻止由N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) 在分离的小鼠骨髓衍生的中性粒细胞内引起的细胞内钙水平增加和趋化作用。同时，在100 µM浓度下使用，减少了小鼠原代小胶质细胞中LPS诱导的亚硝酸盐产生以及TNF-α和IL-2的分泌。

Oxalomalic Acid (Oxalomalate) trisodium是一种抑制剂，针对乌头酸酶(aconitase)和NADP依赖性异柠檬酸脱氢酶(NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase)。它能够抑制脂多糖激活的J774巨噬细胞内亚硝酸盐的产生及iNOS蛋白的表达。

9(E),11(E)-9-nitro Conjugated Linoleic Acid (9E,11E-9-nitro CLA) is a nitrated fatty acid produced from 9Z,11E-CLA through exposure to acidified nitrite, peroxynitrite, gaseous nitrogen dioxide, or the combined action of myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and nitrite. Additionally, it forms in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, a process that can be inhibited by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME. This compound has also been detected in human plasma.

(±)17(18)-EpETE-Ethanolamide, an ω-3 endocannabinoid epoxide, originates from eicosapentaenoic ethanolamide (EPEA) through cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases action and is decomposed by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FA, AH). Its endogenous synthesis occurs in LPS-stimulated and EPEA-supplemented BV-2 microglia cells, a process inhibited by the CYP inhibitor ketoconazole. This compound mitigates IL-6 and nitrite levels while enhancing IL-10 production following LPS exposure in BV-2 microglia. At a dose of 50 µM, it prevents platelet aggregation caused by arachidonic acid but not that triggered by ADP, collagen, or ristocetin. Additionally, it facilitates the dilation of constricted bovine coronary arteries (ED50= 1.1 µM) and blocks VEGF-driven tubulogenesis in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs).

Compound (R)-7, 一种抗炎剂,在LPS处理的RAW细胞中显示出显著的效果,将亚硝酸盐和IL-6的水平分别降低了32%和40%.

L-Arginyl-L-alanine 是一种二肽，与血管平滑肌舒张因子有关。该化合物能提升内皮细胞缺失动脉环中的环磷酸鸟苷和亚硝酸盐含量。

Luteolin-3-O-beta-D-glucuronide 是木犀草素葡萄糖醛酸，木犀草素的 3’ 端位置有 β-d-葡萄糖苷酸残基。