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Protectin D1 (also known as neuroprotectin D1 when produced in neuronal tissues) is a DHA-derived dihydroxy fatty acid that exhibits potent protective and anti-inflammatory activities. 10(S),17(S)-DiHDHA is a DHA metabolite, also referred to as protectin DX (PDX). It is produced by an apparent double lipoxygenase (LO)-mediated reaction in murine peritonitis exudates, in suspensions of human leukocytes, or by soybean 15-LO incubated with DHA. It differs from protectin D1 with respect to the stereochemistry of the C-10 hydroxyl and the double bond configuration at the 13 and 15 positions. 10(S),17(S)-DiHDHA blocks neutrophil infiltration in murine peritonitis by 20-25% at a dose of 1 ng mouse. It also inhibits platelet activation by both impairing thromboxane (TX) synthesis and TX receptor activation.

3β,5α,9α-Trihydroxy-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one in the presence of NGF (20 ng mL) exerts a significant increase in neurite-bearing cells.

Amenamevir (ASP2151) 是一种新型解旋酶引发酶抑制剂，对水痘带状疱疹病毒和 1 型和 2 型单纯疱疹病毒具有活性，EC50值为 14 ng mL。

Notoginsenoside R2 (20(S)-Notoginsenoside R2) 是一种新分离三七皂苷，表现出对6-OHDA 诱导的氧化应激及细胞凋亡的保护作用。

SR 4330是一种对缺氧细胞显示细胞毒性的化学药剂。其在小鼠与人类血浆中的最低定量限分别为40 ng mL和20 ng mL。

AS-99 TFA is a first-in-class, potent and selective ASH1L histone methyltransferase inhibitor (IC50= 0.79 μM, Kd= 0.89 μM) with anti-leukemic activity. AS-99 TFA blocks cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and differentiation, downregulates MLL fusion target genes, and reduces the leukemia burden in vivo[1]. AS-99 TFA is tested against a panel of 20 histone methyltransferases, including NSD1, NSD2, NSD3, and SETD2. NO significant inhibition is observed at 50 μM of AS-99 TFA on any of the tested histone methyltransferases, indicating over 100-fold selectivity towards ASH1L[1].AS-99 TFA shows effect on the growth of the MLL leukemia cells (MV4;11, MOLM13, KOPN8, RS4;11) with the GI50 values ranging from 1.8 μM to 3.6 μM[1].AS-99 (1-8 μM; 7 days) TFA also induces apoptosis in the MLL leukemia cells, but not in the K562 cells, as assessed by the quantification of the Annexin V positive cells[1].AS-99 TFA suppresses MLL fusion driven transcriptional programs[1]. AS-99 (30 mg kg; i.p.; q.d., treated for 14 consecutive days) TFA reduces leukemia burden in mice[1].AS-99 TFA is used for in vivo studies in mice, which reveals favorable exposure in plasma upon i.v. and i.p. administration (AUC = 9701 hr* ng mL and 10,699 hr* ng mL, respectively), suitable half-life (~5-6 h) and Cmax >10 μM[1]. [1]. David S. Rogawski, Jing Deng, Hao Li, Tomasz Cierpicki, Jolanta Grembecka, et al. Discovery of first-in-class inhibitors of ASH1L histone methyltransferase with anti-leukemic activity. Nat Commun. 2021 May 14;12(1):2792.

β-Defensin-3 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It inhibits the growth of the periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria F. nucleatum, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. salivarius, and L. casei (MICs = 12.5-100 mg/l). It also inhibits the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans. β-Defensin-3 stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes when used at a concentration of 30 μg/ml. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 5, and 20 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-3 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose.

Benpyrine is a highly specific and orally active TNF-α inhibitor with a KD value of 82.1 μM. Benpyrine tightly binds to TNF-α and blocks its interaction with TNFR1, with an IC50 value of 0.109 μM. Benpyrine has the potential for TNF-α mediated inflammatory and autoimmune disease research[1]. Benpyrine (5-20 μM; 14 hours; RAW264.7 cells) pretreatment results in a dose-dependent decrease in the phosphorylation of IκBα in RAW264.7 cells (stimulated with 10 ng mL TNF-α or 1 μg mL LPS). Benpyrine abolishes the TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in RAW264.7 cells[1].Benpyrine only blocks cell death induced by TNF-αWT and Y119A, and increases the cell survival rate up to 80%. Benpyrine does not obviously affect L57A- and Y59L-induced cytotoxicity in L929 cells[1]. Benpyrine (25-50 mg kg; oral gavage; daily; for 2 weeks; Balb c mice) treatment significantly relieves the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis. Benpyrine dose-dependently decreases the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6, and increases the concentration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10[1].Endotoxemia murine model shows that Benpyrine (25 mg kg) could attenuate TNF-α-induced inflammation, thereby reducing liver and lung injury[1]. [1]. Weiguang Sun, et al. Discovery of an Orally Active Small Molecule TNF-α Inhibitor. J Med Chem. 2020 Jul 15.

Resolvin E2 (RvE2) is a member of the specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) family of bioactive lipids.1It is produced from eicosapentaenoic acidviaan 18-HEPE intermediate, which is formed by aspirin-acetylated COX-2-mediated oxidation of EPA, by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) in human polymorphonuclear (PMN) neutrophils.2,3RvE2 (20 ng/animal) inhibits increases in inflammatory exudate neutrophil infiltration in a mouse model of peritonitis induced by zymosan A .3Hepatic RvE2 levels are increased in mice fed normal chow, as well as in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), by dietary supplementation with EPA.4Plasma levels of RvE2 are increased by dietary supplementation with fish oil containing ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in patients with peripheral artery disease or chronic kidney disease.1,5,6 1.Chiang, N., and Serhan, C.N.Specialized pro-resolving mediator network: An update on production and actionsEssays Biochem.64(3)443-462(2020) 2.Tjonahen, E., Oh, S.F., Siegelman, J., et al.Resolvin E2: Identification and anti-inflammatory actions: Pivotal role of human 5-lipoxygenase in resolvin E series biosynthesisChemistry & Biology131193-1202(2006) 3.Sungwhan, F.O., Pillai, P.S., Recchiuti, A., et al.Pro-resolving actions and stereoselective biosynthesis of 18S E-series resolvins in human leukocytes and murine inflammationJ. Clin. Invest.121(2)569-581(2011) 4.Echeverría, F., Valenzuela, R., Espinosa, A., et al.Reduction of high-fat diet-induced liver proinflammatory state by eicosapentaenoic acid plus hydroxytyrosol supplementation: Involvement of resolvins RvE1/2 and RvD1/2J. Nutr. Biochem.6335-43(2019) 5.Ramirez, J.L., Gasper, W.J., Khetani, S.A., et al.Fish oil increases specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in PAD (the OMEGA-PAD II trial)J. Surg. Res.238164-174(2019) 6.Barden, A.E., Shinde, S., Burke, V., et al.The effect of n-3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 supplementation on neutrophil leukotrienes, mediators of inflammation resolution and myeloperoxidase in chronic kidney diseaseProstaglandins Other Lipid Mediat.1361-8(2018)

FSL-1 TFA, a bacterial-derived toll-like receptor 2 6 (TLR2 6) agonist, enhances resistance to experimental HSV-2 infection[1]. FSL-1 TFA induces MMP-9 production through TLR2 and NF-κB AP-1 signaling pathways in monocytic THP-1 cells[2]. FSL-1 significantly reduces HSV-2 replication in human vaginal epithelial cells (EC)[1].FSL-1 induces significant resistance to experimental genital HSV-2 infection through elaboration of a specific cytokine response profile[1].FSL-1 (50 ng mL, 24 hours) induces MMP-9 expression at both mRNA and protein levels in human monocytic THP-1 cells[2].FSL-1 activates the MAP kinase NF-κB signaling pathway[2]. Cell Viability Assay[1] Cell Line: V11I, V12I or V19I immortalized human vaginal EC FSL-1 application significantly protectes against genital HSV-2 challenge in mice[1]. Animal Model: Female Swiss-Webster mice (weighing 20-25 g)[1] [1]. William A Rose 2nd, et al. FSL-1, a bacterial-derived toll-like receptor 2 6 agonist, enhances resistance to experimental HSV-2 infection. Virol J. 2009 Nov 10;6:195. [2]. Cathryn J Kurkjian,et al. The Toll-Like Receptor 2 6 Agonist, FSL-1 Lipopeptide, Therapeutically Mitigates Acute Radiation Syndrome. Sci Rep. 2017 Dec 11;7(1):17355.

Bivalirudin TFA 是20个氨基多肽，可逆地抑制凝血酶。