insulin-induced

Fatostatin hydrobromide (Fatostatin A HBr) 是一种 SREBP 活化的特异性抑制剂，可抑制 SREBP-1 和 SREBP-2 的活化。它与 SCAP (SREBP 裂解激活蛋白) 结合，抑制 SREBPs 的 ER-Golgi 易位。它具有抗肿瘤作用，能抑制 ob ob 小鼠的高血糖。它抑制了细胞中成脂基因的转录。

Fatostatin A 是一种SREBP 活化的特异性抑制剂，能够抑制 SREBP-1 和 SREBP-2 的活化。它与 SCAP (SREBP 裂解激活蛋白) 结合，抑制 SREBPs 的 ER-Golgi 易位。它具有抗肿瘤活性，能抑制ob ob 小鼠的高血糖。它抑制细胞中成脂基因的转录。

Suramin Sodium Salt (BAY-205) 是可逆的竞争性蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抑制剂。它抑制 IP5K，是抗寄生虫，抗肿瘤和抗血管生成剂。它是sirtuins 的有效抑制剂，也是 SARS-CoV-2 RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶抑制剂。

RH01386是可以预防 ER 应激诱导的β细胞功能障碍和死亡、抑制促凋亡基因表达的小分子。它恢复内质网应激受损的葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌反应。对2型糖尿病具有潜在的研究价值。

AACOCF3（Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone）是一种细胞可渗透的三氟甲基酮类花生四烯酸模拟物。它是一个强效且选择性的85-kDa胞质型磷脂酶A2（cPLA2）缓慢结合抑制剂。通过阻止钙离子载体挑战的血小板中花生四烯酸和12-羟基二十四碳五烯酸的生成，AACOCF3抑制了它们的合成。此外，AACOCF3还能抑制从分离的大鼠岛细胞中诱导的葡萄糖引起的胰岛素释放。鉴于其多样的应用，AACOCF3对心血管疾病研究具有潜在的应用价值。

LI-2242是一种强效肌醇六磷酸激酶（IP6K）抑制剂，对 IP6K1、IP6K2、IP6K3和 IPMK 的 IC50s 分别为31 nM、42 nM、8.7 nM 和1944 nM。LI-2242通过减少增强脂质吸收、脂质稳定和脂肪生成的基因的表达，改善了肝脏脂肪变性，增强体外脂肪细胞和肝细胞的线粒体耗氧率（OCR）和胰岛素信号传导。 LI-2242可改善饮食诱导的小鼠肥胖症、高血糖症和肝脂肪变性。LI-2242可用于研究 II 型糖尿病、肥胖症、代谢并发症、静脉血栓和精神疾病。

Allicin 具有抗氧化、杀菌、抗癌、抗炎活性，对肠上皮细胞具有抑制性免疫调节作用。 Allicin 能显着抑制胰岛素诱导的血管平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移，这可能与抑制 ERK 信号通路的激活有关。 Allicin 有利于降低高胆固醇血症大鼠的血液胆固醇、甘油三酯水平和收缩压，它可能有益于影响动脉粥样硬化的两个危险因素——高脂血症和高血压。

Oxfenicine (4-Hydroxy-L-phenylglycine) 是具有口服活性的肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1 抑制剂。它在缺血期间保护心脏免受坏死组织的损害。它可抑制心脏中脂肪酸的氧化。

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid sodium (Sodium taurochenodeoxycholate) 是动物胆汁酸的主要生物活性物质之一。它可诱导细胞凋亡，具有抗炎和免疫调节作用。

CLT-28643是一种有效和特异性的α5β1-Integrin抑制剂，能够预防青光眼滤过手术（GFS）的纤维化，抑制肿瘤生长和血管生成，在博来霉素诱导的肺纤维化模型中抑制纤维化和炎症，改善肥胖小鼠H9C2细胞的胰岛素敏感性和心脏功能。

Galantide acetate 是一种特殊的甘丙肽受体 (galanin receptor) 拮抗剂，是一种由甘丙肽和 P 物质片段组成的肽段，在大鼠下丘脑可识别两类甘丙肽结合位点 (KD 分别小于 0.1 nM 和 ~6 nM)。Galantide 剂量依赖性 (IC50=1.0 nM) 拮抗甘丙肽介导的葡萄糖诱导的小鼠胰岛胰岛素分泌抑制。Galantide acetate 似乎与单一的 SP 受体群结合 (KD~40 nM)。

MID-1 是 MG53-IRS-1 相互作用的抑制剂，能够破坏 MG53 与 IRS-1 的分子缔合，并消除 MG53 诱导的 IRS-1 泛素化和骨骼肌降解，升高 IRS-1 表达水平，增加胰岛素信号传导和葡萄糖摄取。

D5D-IN-326 is an orally active delta-5 desaturase (D5D) inhibitor (IC50s: 72 and 22 nM for rat and human D5D in enzymic and cell-based assays). It has no effect on D6D or D9D activity. D5D-IN-326 reduces insulin resistance and decreases body weight in die

PPARγ agonist15 (Compound 7c) 是PPARγ的激动剂，能够抑制 α-淀粉酶 (HPA) 和 α-葡萄糖苷酶 (HLAG) 的表达，IC50分别为 28.35 µM 和 26.21 µM。此外，它还能在L6肌管细胞中促进葡萄糖摄取，并在大鼠Streptozotocin-诱发的糖尿病模型中改善葡萄糖稳态、胰岛素敏感性和脂质代谢。

Efaroxan hydrochloride（盐酸盐依法克生）是Efaroxan的盐形式。Efaroxan 是一种选择性、可口服的α2 肾上腺素受体 (α2-adrenoceptor) 拮抗剂，可提高静息血浆胰岛素水平，并显著增强肾上腺素诱导的胰岛素水平升高。

HX 531 是RXR 拮抗剂 (IC50值为18 nM)。HX 531能降低小鼠白色脂肪组织（WAT）、骨骼肌和肝脏中的组织 TG 含量来预防 HF 饮食诱导的肥胖、胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病。

AMG-221 is a potent and selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor. AMG-221 decreased fed blood glucose and insulin levels and reduced body weight in diet-induced obesity mice.

AMG-221 is a potent and selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor. AMG 221 potently blocked 11β-HSD1 activity, producing sustained inhibition for the 24-hour study duration as measured in ex vivo adipose samples. AMG-221 decreased fed blood glucose and insulin levels

FK-614 is a selective agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. FK-614 improves peripheral glucose utilization while decreases hepatic insulin extraction in alloxan-induced diabetic dogs.

AZD6482 (S-isomer) is a potent, selective, ATP-competitive PI3Kβ inhibitor (IC(50) 0.01 μm), which can inhibit insulin-induced in vitro glucose uptake by human adipocytes (IC(50) is 4.4 μm).

Secretin (1-6) is the N-terminal part of secretin. It can produce vitro glucose-dependent insulin release induced by secretin.

FKGK 18 is an inhibitor of group VIA (GVIA) calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2). It inhibits GVIA iPLA2 by 99.9% at 0.091 mole fraction in a mixed micelle activity assay and is selective for GVIA iPLA2 over GIVA cPLA2 and GV sPLA2 where it shows 80.8 and 36.8% inhibition, respectively. FKGK 18 inhibits iPLA2β activity in cytosolic extracts from INS-1 cells overexpressing iPLA2β (IC50 = ~50 nM) as well as iPLA2γ activity in mouse heart membrane fractions (IC50s = ~1-3 μM). It inhibits glucose-induced increases in prostaglandin E2 production and insulin secretion in human pancreatic islets when used at a concentration of 10 μM and inhibits thapsigargin-induced apoptosis in INS-1 cells overexpressing iPLA2β in a concentration-dependent manner. FKGK 18 (20 mg/kg, 3 times per week) reduces blood glucose levels in an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, decreases the incidence of diabetes, and increases serum insulin levels in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice.

Obestatin is a 23 amino acid peptide hormone with a conserved C-terminal glycine residue and amidation site that is formed by cleavage of the ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide.1It binds to the orphan receptor GPR39 (Kd= 1 nM) and stimulates cAMP production in CHO and HEK293 cells overexpressing human GPR39. Obestatin inhibits contraction of isolated mouse jejunum muscle strips induced by ghrelin .In vivo, obestatin (12.5-1,000 nmol/kg) suppresses food intake in a time- and dose-dependent manner and reduces body weight gain and gastric emptying in mice. Obestatin (0.22 g per animal) also reduces food intake and glucose response without affecting plasma insulin responses in fasted high-fat diet fed mice.2 1.Zhang, J.V., Ren, P.C., Avsian-Kretchmer, O., et al.Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intakeScience310(5750)996-999(2005) 2.Subasinghage, A.P., Green, B.D., Flatt, P.R., et al.Metabolic and structural properties of human obestatin {1-23} and two fragment peptidesPeptides31(9)1697-1705(2010)

MBX-8025 is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ).1 It is greater than 750- and 2,500-fold selective for PPARδ over PPARα and PPARγ. MBX-8025 (10 mg/kg per day for eight weeks) reduces increases in fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels, and decreases insulin resistance in Alms1 mutant (foz/foz) mice fed an atherogenic diet as a model of diet-induced obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).2 It also decreases serum alanine transaminase (ALT), as well as serum and hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride, levels and reduces markers of NASH in the same model. |1. Bays, H.E., Schwartz, S., Littlejohn, T., 3rd, et al. MBX-8025, a novel peroxisome proliferator receptor-δ agonist: Lipid and other metabolic effects in dyslipidemic overweight patients treated with and without atorvastatin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96(9), 2889-2897 (2011).|2. Haczeyni, F., Wang, H., Barn, V., et al. The selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta agonist seladelpar reverses nonalcoholic steatohepatitis pathology by abrogating lipotoxicity in diabetic obese mice. Hepatol. Commun. 1(7), 663-674 (2017).