glut4

GLUT4-IN-2 是一种特异性 GLUT4 抑制剂，抑制 GLUT1 和 GLUT4。GLUT4-IN-2 具有抗肿瘤活性，诱导细胞凋亡 (apoptosis) 和细胞周期停滞，可用于研究癌症。

BAY-876 是一种葡萄糖转运蛋白 1 (GLUT1) 抑制剂 (IC50=2 nM)，具有口服活性和选择性。BAY-876 对 GLUT1 选择性比 GLUT2、GLUT3 和 GLUT4 高 100 倍以上。BAY-876 抑制糖酵解代谢，具有抗肿瘤活性。

β-Aminopropionitrile (3-Aminopropionitrile) 是赖氨酰氧化酶的特异性抑制剂。

Fasentin (N-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-oxobutanamide) 是葡萄糖摄取抑制剂，可抑制GLUT-1 GLUT-4转运蛋白，优先抑制 GLUT4，IC50为 68 μM。它是死亡受体刺激敏化剂，可敏化细胞对 FAS 诱导的细胞死亡，具有抗血管生成活性。

MitoPQ (MitoParaquat) 是一个线粒体靶向的小分子化合物。MitoPQ 选择性加强线粒体超氧化物和过氧化氢的含量，抑制胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖摄取和葡萄糖转运蛋白 4 (GLUT4） 向脂肪细胞和肌管中质膜的易位。MitoPQ 可用于研究线粒体氧化应激与调节的 GLUT4 转运。

KL-11743 是葡萄糖竞争性 I 类葡萄糖转运蛋白抑制剂，口服有活性，能够抑制GLUT1 (IC50:115 nM) 、GLUT2 (IC50:137 nM) 、GLUT3 (IC50:90 nM) 及GLUT4 (IC50:68 nM) 。它能够特异性阻断葡萄糖代谢，也可与电子传递抑制剂协同作用诱导细胞死亡。

GLUT4 activator 1 is a potent glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation activator (EC50: 0.14 μM).

Karanjin 是干花豆中的主要活性呋喃黄酮醇成分，可通过细胞周期阻滞诱导癌细胞死亡，促进细胞凋亡，还通过提高AMPK 的方式诱导骨骼肌细胞 GLUT4 易位。

Rhoifolin (Apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside) 是从琯溪蜜柚叶子分离的一种黄酮糖苷。它通过 RANKL 诱导的NF-κB 和MAPK 途径改善钛颗粒刺激的骨溶解并减少破骨细胞生成。它通过增强脂联素分泌，胰岛素受体-β的酪氨酸磷酸化和GLUT4易位有助于治疗糖尿病并发症。

Apigenin 7-glucoside (Cosmosiin) 是一种 ROS 清除剂，具有抗增殖、抗氧化作用。

M617 acetate 是甘丙肽受体 1 (GAL1) 的选择性激动剂。 M617 acetate 通过中枢 GAL1 起作用，促进 GLUT4 表达，并提高 2 型糖尿病大鼠心肌中的 GLUT4 含量。 GAL1 和 GAL2 的 Ki 值分别为 0.23 和 5.71 nM。

DCW-234，作为一种ERbeta选择性激动剂，对ERbeta具有优于ERalpha的结合亲和力，能有效促进ERbeta SRC1的强选择性相互作用。研究表明，DCW-234可以在CHO-K1细胞中诱导GLUT4的表达。

Antidiabetic agent 7 (Compound 5m) 是一种有效的高血糖抑制剂，能够通过激活AMPK依赖途径显著促进骨骼肌细胞中的GLUT4转运。它在降低血糖水平方面具有良好效果，并显示出优越的药代动力学特性，适用于抗高血糖研究。

MD001 is a dual agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ.1 It binds to PPARα and PPARγ (Kds = 9.55 and 0.14 μM, respectively) but does not bind to PPARβ/δ at concentrations up to 500 μM. It increases transcriptional activity of PPARα and PPARγ in a cell-based luciferase reporter assay when used at a concentration of 10 μM. MD001 (10 μM) increases expression of PPARα, PPARγ, and retinoid X receptor (RXR), as well as PPARα and PPARγ target genes, in HepG2 cells. It increases glucose consumption as well as expression of GLUT2 and GLUT4 in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. MD001 (20 mg/kg) decreases levels of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, LDL, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in blood and reduces the size and number of hepatic lipid droplets in diabetic db/db mice.References1. Kim, S.-H., Hong, S.H., Park, Y.-J., et al. MD001, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ agonist, improves glucose and lipid metabolism. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1656 (2019). MD001 is a dual agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ.1 It binds to PPARα and PPARγ (Kds = 9.55 and 0.14 μM, respectively) but does not bind to PPARβ/δ at concentrations up to 500 μM. It increases transcriptional activity of PPARα and PPARγ in a cell-based luciferase reporter assay when used at a concentration of 10 μM. MD001 (10 μM) increases expression of PPARα, PPARγ, and retinoid X receptor (RXR), as well as PPARα and PPARγ target genes, in HepG2 cells. It increases glucose consumption as well as expression of GLUT2 and GLUT4 in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. MD001 (20 mg/kg) decreases levels of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, LDL, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in blood and reduces the size and number of hepatic lipid droplets in diabetic db/db mice. References1. Kim, S.-H., Hong, S.H., Park, Y.-J., et al. MD001, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ agonist, improves glucose and lipid metabolism. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1656 (2019).

10-PAHSA is a newly identified endogenous lipid that belongs to a collection of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). It is a FAHFA in which palmitic acid is esterified to 10-hydroxy stearic acid. Among the FAHFA family members, PAHSAs are the most abundant in the adipose tissue of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, which overexpress the Glut4 glucose transporter specifically in adipose tissue. As other FAHFAs improve glucose tolerance, stimulate insulin secretion, and have anti-inflammatory effects, 10-PAHSA may be a bioactive lipid with roles in metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly identified endogenous lipids regulated by fasting and high-fat feeding and associated with insulin sensitivity. Structurally, these esters are comprised of a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) linked to either a C-16 or C-18 hydroxy substituent. 12-PAHSA is a FAHFA in which palmitic acid is esterified at the 12th carbon of hydroxy stearic acid. Among the FAHFA family members, PAHSAs are the most abundant in the adipose tissue of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, which overexpress the Glut4 glucose transporter specifically in adipose tissue. 12-PAHSA is present at 2- to 3-fold higher levels in adipose tissue of AG4OX mice compared to wild type mice. Levels of 12-PAHSA are also higher in fasted wild-type mice compared to fed mice and are reduced upon high-fat diet-induced obesity in insulin-resistant mice.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly identified endogenous lipids regulated by fasting and high-fat feeding and associated with insulin sensitivity. Structurally, these esters are comprised of a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) linked to a hydroxylated C-16 or C-18 lipid. 9-PAHSA is a FAHFA in which palmitic acid is esterified to 9-hydroxy stearic acid. PAHSAs are the most abundant forms of FAHFA in serum as well as white and brown adipose tissues of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, which overexpress Glut4 specifically in adipose tissue. 9-PAHSA is the predominant isomer of PAHSA in wild type and AG4OX mice. It is found in humans and is reduced in the serum and adipose tissues of insulin-resistant humans. 9-PAHSA improves glucose tolerance, stimulates insulin secretion, and has anti-inflammatory effects in mice.

Licarin B (Licarine B) 是来源于肉豆蔻种子的一种天然产物，是 NO 生成抑制剂，可通过激活 IRS-1 PI3K AKT 通路中的PPARγ和GLUT4 改善胰岛素敏感性。

Gliclazide-d4 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of gliclazide by GC- or LC-MS. Gliclazide is a sulfonylurea and an inhibitor of pancreatic β-cell ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. It is selective for pancreatic β-cell over cardiac and arterial smooth muscle cell KATP channels. Gliclazide (5 μM) increases insulin-induced glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the plasma membrane in a differentiated 3T3L1 adipocyte model of insulin resistance induced by hydrogen peroxide. Gliclazide (5 and 10 μg ml) reduces LDL oxidation by human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs), decreasing TBARS content and 8-isoprostane levels. It also decreases oxidized LDL-induced HASMC proliferation and monocyte adhesion when used at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 μg ml. Gliclazide (5 mg kg) reduces serum glucose levels and increases glucose uptake by isolated rat hindquarters in a model of diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ).

M617 TFA 是一种选择性甘丙肽受体 1(GAL1)激动剂，对 GAL1 和 GAL2 的 Ki 分别为 0.23 和 5.71 nM。M617 TFA 通过其中枢 GAL1 作用，促进 2 型糖尿病大鼠心肌 GLUT4的表达，提高 GLUT4的含量。

10-OAHSA is a newly discovered endogenous lipid categorized within the group of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). This specific FAHFA comprises oleic acid esterified to 10-hydroxy stearic acid. It stands out among its FAHFA counterparts for its potential bioactive properties, similar to other members of its family such as PAHSAs, which are notably prevalent in the adipose tissue of AG4OX mice exhibiting glucose tolerance due to overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter specifically in adipose tissue. Like other FAHFAs, 10-OAHSA may play significant roles in enhancing glucose tolerance, stimulating insulin secretion, and exerting anti-inflammatory effects, which suggests its importance in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

10-SAHSA, an endogenous lipid recently discovered, is part of the FAHFAs, a group of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids. It specifically consists of stearic acid esterified to 10-hydroxy stearic acid. Notably, PAHSAs, closely related to 10-SAHSA, are significantly present in the adipose tissue of AG4OX mice that are glucose tolerant due to the overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter in their adipose tissue. Similar to other FAHFAs, which are known to improve glucose tolerance, promote insulin secretion, and possess anti-inflammatory properties, 10-SAHSA is considered a potential bioactive lipid with implications for metabolic syndrome and inflammation management.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are lipids influenced by dietary changes, playing a crucial role in insulin sensitivity. These compounds typically consist of a C-16 or C-18 fatty acid (for example, palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) linked to a hydroxy fatty acid with the same carbon chain length. 13-PAHSA, a derivative where palmitic acid is esterified to 13-hydroxy stearic acid, is notably prevalent in the adipose tissue of glucose-tolerant AG4OX mice, which exhibit enhanced glucose transport via the overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter. This observation, along with the metabolic benefits seen from other FAHFAs—including improved glucose tolerance, stimulated insulin secretion, and anti-inflammatory properties—suggests that 13-PAHSA may function as a bioactive lipid beneficial in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a class of endogenous lipids whose levels are modulated by fasting and high-fat diets, and they play a role in insulin sensitivity. These compounds consist of a fatty acid—either a C-16 or C-18, such as palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid—esterified to a hydroxylated C-16 or C-18 lipid. One notable FAHFA, 9-PAHSA, features an ester linkage between palmitic acid and 9-hydroxy stearic acid. PAHSAs, with 9-PAHSA being the most prevalent isomer, are significantly found in the serum and both white and brown adipose tissues of glucose-tolerant AG4OX mice, which express the Glut4 gene in adipose tissue, enhancing insulin sensitivity. Additionally, 9-PAHSA is abundant in wild type and AG4OX mice and present in humans, though at reduced levels in those with insulin resistance. 9-PAHSA is associated with improved glucose tolerance, enhanced insulin secretion, and anti-inflammatory effects in mice. The compound 19-PAHSA^13C4 represents an isotopically enriched form of this polyunsaturated fatty acid.