fear

TCS 1102 是双食欲素受体拮抗剂，对 OX1和OX2受体的Ki 分别为3和 0.2 nM。

CB1 antagonist 4 是外周选择性大麻素受体1型受体拮抗剂。它减少精神病副作用的倾向。它对大脑的渗透率有限，以降低或防止 CNS 不良反应，并保留潜在的抗肥胖作用。

CNQX disodium 是一种有效的、竞争性的 AMPA 海藻酸酯受体 (AMPA kainate receptor) 拮抗剂，IC50分别为 0.3 μM 和 1.5 μM。它能够阻止大鼠恐惧增强的表达，是一种竞争性的非 NMDA 受体拮抗剂。

Trigonelline chloride (Coffearine Hydrochloride) 是一种大量存在于咖啡中的生物碱，具有潜在抗糖尿病活性。它还具有抗HSV-1，抗菌和抗真菌活性。

DO34 是一个具有选择性和高效性的二酰基甘油脂肪酶 ( DAGL-α β) 抑制剂，可损害小鼠的恐惧消退，可用于研究脂多糖炎症性疼痛。

Ogerin 是选择性 GPR68正向别构调节剂(pEC50:6.83)。它能够抑制小鼠对恐惧记忆的回忆。它对 A2A 受体具有适中的拮抗作用(Ki:220 nM)。对 5-HT2B 受体的拮抗作用较弱(Ki:736 nM)。

PF-05180999 (PF-999) 是一种具有选择性和高效性的磷酸二酯酶 2A (PDE2A) 抑制剂，可在大鼠的情境恐惧条件反射模型中增强了长期记忆。

Amyloid-β (25-35) (Aβ (25-35)) is an 11-residue fragment of the Aβ protein that retains the physical and biological characteristics of the full length peptide. It forms fibrils that react to thioflavin T and Congo red and are organized in a cross-β arrangement of β-strands similar to Aβ (1-40) and Aβ (1-42) fibrils. Aggregated Aβ (25-35) decreases the viability of rat adrenal PC12 cells. It also decreases the viability of primary rat cortical neurons at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 30 μM. In vivo, intracerebral injection of Aβ (25-35) (20 nmol) in rats induces lesions of neuronal and tissue loss. Aggregated Aβ (25-35) administered intracerebroventricularly to rats induces learning and memory impairments in the Y-maze, novel object recognition, and contextual fear conditioning tests.

Fluoroethylnormemantine hydrochloride, a Memantine derivative, functions as an antagonist for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. It can also serve as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, specifically as [18F]-Fluoroethylnormemantine hydrochloride. Notably, this compound displays a range of effects, including anti-amnesic, neuroprotective, antidepressant-like, and fear-attenuating properties.

Fluoroethylnormemantine, a derivative of Memantine, acts as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. It can function as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, known as [18F]-fluoroethylnormemantine. This compound displays anti-amnesic, neuroprotective, antidepressant-like, and fear-attenuating properties.

MS21570 作为 GPR171 拮抗剂基于其阻断能力，IC50 为 220 nM，可减少小鼠的焦虑样行为和恐惧条件反射。

CNQX (FG9065) 是一种竞争性、非 NMDA 谷氨酸受体拮抗剂，对 AMPA 和红藻氨酸受体的IC50分别为 0.3 和 1.5 μM。

Trofinetide是一种衍生自具有神经保护作用的三肽Gly-Pro-Glu的化合物，后者是胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）的N-端序列。在10 nM的浓度下使用时，它能减少由蛋白磷酸酶抑制剂奥卡达酸在原代大鼠胚胎纹状体神经元中引起的细胞死亡。Trofinetide在一种由穿透性弹道样脑损伤引起的大鼠神经炎症模型中减少了编码IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6和E-selectin的mRNA的脑表达。在通过中脑动脉闭塞（MCAO）引起的大鼠脑损伤模型中，以30和60 mg kg的剂量给药时，它减少了皮层和纹状体梗塞区域。Trofinetide（每天100 mg kg）减少了树突棘的数量，并逆转了在fmr1- -敲除小鼠脆性X综合征模型中的社交识别和情景恐惧条件反射的缺陷，同时也减少了睾丸重量的增加。含有Trofinetide的制剂已被用于治疗Rett综合征。

Mammalian bombesin-like peptide neurotransmitter that is an agonist for the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR). GRP has been reported to activate GABAergic interneurons in the amygdala leading to increased GABA release and fear suppression in mice

Potent, selective and competitive corticotropin-releasing factor CRF2 receptor antagonist (Kd values are 1.4 and 153.6 nM for binding to mouse CRF2β and rat CRF1 receptors respectively). Inhibits sauvagine-stimulated cAMP accumulation in HEK-mCRF2β cells