disulfide bonds

Edetic acid (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) 是 Edetate 的酸形式，是一种具有抗高钙血症和抗凝血特性的螯合剂。它与钙和重金属离子结合后，会形成可溶的稳定复合体，使血清钙水平降低。它也可用作血液样本的抗凝剂，并用于治疗铅中毒。

L-Glutathione reduced (Glutathione) 属于天然三肽，存在与细胞中，是一种内源性抗氧化剂，可以清除氧自由基。L-Glutathione reduced 是某些酶的辅助因子，参与蛋白质二硫键重排并减少过氧化物。

Butyl disulfide（丁基二硫化物）是一种含有二硫键的有机化合物，可用于有机合成和生化实验。

1-Thioglycerol(1-硫代甘油)是一种抗氧化的硫代甘油，作为培养基成分可以清除自由基和减少氧化应激，在快速原子轰击质谱法(FAB-MS)和液体二次离子质谱法(LSIMS)中用作基质。

DM3-SMe is a maytansine derivative and tubulin inhibitor. It is a cytotoxic part of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and can bind to antibodies via disulfide bonds or stable thioether bonds. DM3-SMe has high cytotoxic activity in vitro with IC50 of 0.0011

DM4-SMe is a cytotoxic part of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and a metabolite of antibody-maytansin conjugates (AMCs) and tubulin inhibitors, which can also be stabilized by disulfide bonds or thioether The bond binds to the antibody. The IC50 of DM4-SM

DM4-SPDP, a drug-linker conjugate, integrates the antitubulin agent DM4 with the linker SMCC, facilitating the creation of antibody drug conjugates[1]. Additionally, SPDP serves as a short-chain crosslinker enabling amine-to-sulfhydryl conjugation, leveraging NHS-ester and pyridyldithiol groups to establish cleavable (reducible) disulfide bonds with cysteine sulfhydryls[2][3].

EDTA tetrasodium tetrahydrate 是一种金属螯合剂，能够结合包括钙在内的二价和三价金属阳离子，具有抗高钙血症和抗凝血活性。它可以减少金属离子催化的蛋白质氧化损伤，并在蛋白质纯化过程中维持还原环境，故常用于蛋白质的纯化和储存。此外，EDTA tetrasodium tetrahydrate 还能减少二硫键的形成。

DST crosslinker(disuccinimide tartarate) is an isotype bifunctional, cleavable crosslinker (cleavable by an oxidizer) for applications that require crosslinking cleavability and that do not interfere with protein disulfide bonds with reducing agents.

BACE-IN-1 acetate (BACE-IN-1 acetate (350228-37-4，Free base)) 已被用作 BACE1 抑制剂测定中的 β 位淀粉样前体蛋白 (APP) 裂解酶-1 (BACE1) 抑制剂。 β-位点淀粉样前体蛋白 (APP) 切割酶-1 (BACE1)是一种天冬氨酸蛋白酶，属于蛋白酶家族，由六个腔内半胱氨酸残基组成。这些残基有助于形成三个分子间二硫键和 N-连接的糖基化位点。

(±)-trans-1,2-Bis(2-mercaptoacetamido)cyclohexane (BMC) is a cyclohexane with two mercaptoacetamido groups. It is used, both in vitro and in vivo, to promote the correct folding of proteins that require disulfide bonds for functionality. For in vitro applications, BMC may be used to facilitate protein refolding of solubilized proteins from inclusion bodies. Reducing agents, like dithiothreitol, may interfere with refolding. BMC may also be added to the growth medium of cells, including yeast cells, to enhance the folding of proteins with disulfide bonds in vivo.

BAMEAO16B is a lipid nanoparticle that incorporates disulfide bonds for efficient delivery of Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA into cells. In the intracellular environment, BAMEAO16B responds to reduction by releasing RNA, facilitating genome editing. This compound is valuable for gene editing research purposes.

SPDP 是一种短链交联剂，用于通过 NHS 酯和吡啶基二硫醇反应基团与半胱氨酸巯基形成可切割（可还原）的二硫键，实现胺与巯基的共轭。它是一种可降解的 ADC 连接剂，可用于合成抗体偶联药物。

Farletuzumabecteribulin（MORAb-202）是一款人源化抗人叶酸受体α（FRA）抗体Farletuzumab与Mal-PEG2-Val-Cit-PAB-eribulin通过还原的链间二硫键偶联成的抗体-活性分子偶联物（ADC）。该化合物活性分子抗体比率为4.0，对FRA阳性细胞展示出强大的体外细胞毒性，并具备有效的抗肿瘤活性。

Calciseptine 是从黑曼巴Dendroaspis p. polylepis分离得到的天然神经毒素。含有60个氨基酸和四个二硫键，特异性阻断L型钙通道（calcium channel）[1]。

Epsilon-V1-2, Cys-conjugated 是 εPKC 特异性抑制剂，通过阻断 εPKC 与 εRACK 锚定蛋白之间的相互作用，抑制 εPKC 易位及 MARCKS 磷酸化，从而表现生物活性。该肽将半胱氨酸残基接到 C 末端，以形成与载体蛋白的 SS 键。当序列 N 末端为谷氨酰胺 (Q) 或谷氨酸 (E) 时，肽可自发生成焦谷氨酰 (pGlu)。Q或E到pGlu的转化属于自然过程，并且pGlu的疏水性γ-内酰胺环对提高肽对胃肠道蛋白酶的稳定性起关键作用。在 HPLC 分析中，焦谷氨酰肽作为肽纯度的一部分进行检测，视为这类肽的典型子集。

GsAF-1为含三个二硫键的肽毒素，源自智利粉红色狼蛛毒液，适用于中至重度疼痛研究。

80-O16B为含二硫键的可电离阳离子类脂质，适用于脂质纳米颗粒(LNP)的制备。

DSPE-PEG-SPDP，MW 5000 是一种两亲性聚 PEG，在水环境中能够形成脂质双层。它能用于封装治疗剂，核心可以包封亲水性营养物质，如蛋白质 肽和 mRNA DNA siRNA 等，而脂质双层能够容纳疏水性药物，如阿霉素、姜黄素等。SPDP 部分可以与硫醇分子发生反应形成二硫键。试剂级，仅限于研究使用。

Activator of protein kinase C; attached to cell permeabilization Antennapedia domain vector peptide. Consists of peptide derived from the C2 domain of PKC β linked by a disulfide bridge to the Antennapedia domain vector peptide. The Antennapedia peptide i

Immunoglobulin light chain variable region fragment [Homo sapiens] [Mus musculus] is a fragment on the variable region of the human and mouse immunoglobulin light chain. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are the antigen recognition molecules of B cells. An Ig molecule

Immunoglobulin M heavy chain (IGHM) fragment [Homo sapiens] is a fragment (Gly-Val-Ala-Leu-His-Arg-Pro-Asp-Val-Tyr-Leu-Leu-Pro-Pro-Ala-Arg) on the human immunoglobulin micro heavy chain. Immunoglobulins (Ig) are the antigen recognition molecules of B cell

Endotoxin Inhibitor acetate(147396-10-9 free base) 对细菌生理活性有很强的阻断作用，从而产生具有二硫键和大量赖氨酸的抗菌毒素抑制剂序列。内毒素抑制剂醋酸盐在酸性条件下更可能发挥生理活性

Tertiapin 为一种合成蜂毒肽，其结构特征为 Cys3-Cys14 与 Cys5-Cys18 形成的二硫键。此化合物主要作为内向整流钾通道 (potassium Channel) 的阻滞剂，并能抑制钙激活大电导钾通道的活性。Tertiapin (reduced) 常用于研究类风湿性关节炎和多发性硬化症等疾病。（Text revision and optimization for clarity and conciseness, maintaining specific chemical and biomedical terms as requested.）