carrageenan

Carrageenan (kappa-Carrageenan) 是一种从食用红海藻中提取的天然碳水化合物（多糖）。Carrageenan 具有抗凝活性、抗血栓形成活性、抗病毒活性、抗肿瘤活性和免疫调节活性。

κ-Carrageenan, a natural polymer found predominantly in red seaweeds, can serve as an effective drug carrier for delivering curcumin to cancer cells and inducing apoptosis. Additionally, κ-Carrageenan holds promise as a potential inflammatory agent, amplifying existing intestinal inflammation.

λ-Carrageenan是广泛应用于基础研究的海藻多糖，常用作促炎剂，并具有有效的抗肿瘤活性。

ι-Carrageenan (Viscarin SD 309) 是一种生化试剂，可从齿状麒麟菜或红藻钩沙菜、矮地榆中分离。它在蛋白质乳液的絮凝和稳定过程中具有潜在应用。

Furaprofen 是一种可口服且具有选择性和高效性的 HCV 抑制剂，具有抗炎活性，抑制卡拉胶诱导的大鼠爪水肿，抑制较高剂量的大鼠棉粒诱导的肉芽肿。

ABT-963 是一种高效和选择性的二取代哒嗪酮环氧合酶-2（LOX2）抑制剂，剂量依赖性地降低卡拉胶痛觉过敏模型中的伤害感受。ABT-963 可用于研究关节炎。

9-Hydroxyellipticine hydrochloride 是 Topo II 和 RyR 的抑制剂，具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗心血管和抗白血病活性，抑制角叉菜胶诱导的水肿，可用于研究神经系统疾病和心血管疾病。

Bromoenol lactone ((6E)-Bromoenol lactone) 是一种具有的钙依赖性磷脂酶 A2 (iPLA2β) 和丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂，可减弱尼古丁诱导的乳腺癌细胞增殖和迁移，抑制电压门控 Ca2+ 和瞬时受体电位经典通道，可抑制角叉菜胶诱导的大鼠后爪前列腺素生成和痛觉过敏。

Draflazine is an ENT1 inhibitor. It completely reverses the hypersensitivity in the complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) model of mechanical hyperalgesia. Draflazine also completely reverses the hypersensitivity of the carrageenan inflammation model of therma

PPARδ agonist 11（Compound 11）作为一种具有选择性的PPARδ激动剂，其EC50值为20 nM。此化合物能有效降低LPS刺激下RAW264.7细胞产生的一氧化氮(NO)、TNFα和IL-6等促炎细胞因子，展现其通过NF-κB通路的抗炎活性。在人肝微粒体和血浆中，PPARδ agonist 11展现出优异的稳定性。此外，该化合物能显著改善Carrageenan引起的足部水肿，其药代动力学表现良好，生物利用度高达100％。

COX-2 15-LOX-IN-6 (Compound 5l) 是一种同时抑制COX-2和15-LOX的抑制剂，其IC50分别为0.201 μM和11.723 μM。COX-2 15-LOX-IN-6 能有效抑制血清中的PGE、TNF-α、IL-6和iNOS表达，并在Carrageenan诱导的大鼠水肿模型中展现出抗炎活性。

sEH inhibitor-19 (Compound (R)-14i) 是一种口服有效的可溶性环氧化物水解酶 (sEH) 抑制剂，IC50值为1.2 nM。sEH inhibitor-19 能抑制 TNF-α 和 IL-6 的表达，并在小鼠急性胰腺炎或Carrageenan诱导的水肿模型中展现出抗炎活性。

BPD 是 COX-2 和 TAK1-NF-κB 的抑制剂，显示对 COX-2 的 IC50 为 18.5 μM。在转录水平上，BPD 能抑制 iNOS、TNF-α、IL-6 和 IL-1β 的表达。BPD 展现出抗炎活性，能够抑制角叉菜胶引起的爪水肿，并减少 LPS 诱导的脓毒症导致的死亡率。

AHR-10037是一种非甾体抗炎药，具有镇痛和解热特性以及高治疗指数，低胃毒性，它在抑制急性（伊文思蓝卡拉胶胸腔积液）和慢性（佐剂诱导的关节炎）炎症方面与吲哚美辛相当。研究表明，它在体内转化为环氧合酶抑制剂的前药。

VUF-10214 is an H4 receptor-ligand. VUF-10214 has significant anti-inflammatory properties in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in vivo studies in the rat reveal.

Lemnalol is a natural marine compound from the Formosan soft coral Lemnalia cervicorni. It exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in carrageenan-injected rats.

PKSI-527 is an inhibitor of plasma kallikrein (Ki = 0.81 μM). It is selective for plasma kallikrein over glandular kallikrein, plasmin, thrombin, urokinase, and Factor Xa (Kis = >500, 390, >500, 200, and >500 μM, respectively). PKSI-527 reduces bradykinin generation induced by kaolin and λ-carrageenan ex vivo in human plasma. It also prolongs partial thromboplastin and euglobulin clot lysis times. In vivo, PKSI-527 (300 mg/kg per day) reduces hyperplasia, pannus formation, and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the tarsal joint of mice with collagen-induced arthritis.

5-Chlorouracil is a chlorinated derivative of the pyrimidine nucleoside base uracil . In vivo, it is converted into chlorodeoxyuridine, which is mutagenic and genotoxic.1 Uracil is chlorinated at the 5 position in a cell-free myeloperoxidase, peroxide, and chloride system in which hypochlorous acid is formed.2 5-Chlorouracil has been found in human neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in vitro and in inflammatory human exudate isolated from sites of superficial infection. Levels of 5-chlorouracil are increased in exudate isolated from the site of inflammation in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation and in patient-derived human atherosclerotic aortic tissue.3,4References 5-Chlorouracil is a chlorinated derivative of the pyrimidine nucleoside base uracil . In vivo, it is converted into chlorodeoxyuridine, which is mutagenic and genotoxic.1 Uracil is chlorinated at the 5 position in a cell-free myeloperoxidase, peroxide, and chloride system in which hypochlorous acid is formed.2 5-Chlorouracil has been found in human neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in vitro and in inflammatory human exudate isolated from sites of superficial infection. Levels of 5-chlorouracil are increased in exudate isolated from the site of inflammation in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation and in patient-derived human atherosclerotic aortic tissue.3,4 References

SDZ 224-015 是白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）转化酶和 Caspase-1 的口服活性抑制剂。SDZ 224-015 具有抗 COVID-19 和抗炎活性，可减少角叉菜胶诱导的大鼠爪子水肿。

The group IVA phospholipase A2 (PLA2), known as calcium-dependent cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), selectively releases arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids, playing a central role in initiating the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. AX 048 is a potent group IVA cPLA2 inhibitor that demonstrates 50% inhibition of the enzyme at a mole fraction (XI(50)) of 0.022. Pretreatment with AX 048 (ED50 = 1.2 mg kg) dose-dependently reduces thermal hyperalgesia evoked by carrageenan injection of rat hind paw. At concentrations as high as 30 μM, AX 048 does not inhibit COX activity or interfere with central cannabinoid receptor signaling.

Fasitibant chloride (MEN16132 free base) is a powerful and specific nonpeptide antagonist of the bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R). This compound effectively reduces joint pain and mitigates joint edema in a rat model of Carrageenan-induced arthritis.

1,7-Dihydroxy-2,3-methylenedioxyxanthone exhibits antiulcerogenic, anti-oxidation, and antihyperalgesic activities and can inhibit carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia.

Taraxasteryl acetate 是分离自矢状疟原虫中，具有广谱的抗炎活性。它能够改善右旋糖酐、酵母聚糖及花生四烯酸诱导的大鼠后爪水肿。它可用于研究局部炎症。

SHR0687 is a Highly Potent KOR Agonist. SHR0687 showed excellent selectivity over other opioid receptors, such as MOR and DOR. In addition, SHR0687 displayed favorable PK profiles across species, as well as robust in vivo efficacy in a rat carrageenan-induced pain model. Notably, SHR0687 exhibited negligible blood−brain barrier penetration, which was meaningful in minimizing CNS-related side effects.