virulence

D-Cysteine 是一种大肠杆菌生长的有力抑制剂，是半胱氨酸的 D 型异构体。它由 D-氨基酸氧化酶介导产生 H2S，是一种对抗小脑共济失调的神经保护剂。 D-半胱氨酸可以抑制由变形链球菌和链球菌血红蛋白形成的两种生物膜的生长和致龋性。

MAC-545496 是一种抗毒剂，可逆转耐甲氧西林的菌株中的 β-内酰胺耐药性。它是糖肽抗性相关蛋白 R 的纳摩尔抑制剂，对全长 GraR 蛋白具有很强的结合亲和力。

4-(tert-Butyl)-benzhydroxamic Acid is a PqsR antagonist with IC50s of 12.5 μM and 23.6 μM for E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively, and it reduces the production of the virulence factor pyocyanin in P. aeruginosa with an IC50 of 87.2 μM[1].

Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate (Sodium houttuyfonate) 是一种植物来源的固体阴离子表面活性剂，也是一种具有抗免疫抑制作用的免疫佐剂。

sodium lauroyl-α-hydroxyethyl sulfonate 是抗假单胞菌药物，抑制假单胞菌的毒力相关运动。

Methyl 2-amino-5-bromobenzoate (Methyl 5-Bromoanthranilate) 是一种丙型肝炎病毒 NS5b RNA 聚合酶抑制剂，具有抗菌活性，可抑制铜绿假单胞菌感染，参与许多毒力因子的产生和生物膜的形成。

Biotin (S)-sulfoxide is an inactive metabolite of the coenzyme biotin .1,2It has also been found inE. coliand is reduced by the biotin sulfoxide reduction system as a source of biotin.3 1.Denkel, L.A., Rhen, M., and Bange, F.-C.Biotin sulfoxide reductase contributes to oxidative stress tolerance and virulence in Salmonella enterica serovar TyphimuriumMicrobiology (Reading)159(Pt 7)1447-1458(2013) 2.Carling, R.S., and Turner, C.Methods for assessment of biotin (Vitamin B7)Laboratory assessment of vitamin status193-217(2019) 3.del Campillo-Campbell, A., Dykhuizen, D., and Clearly, P.P.Enzymic reduction of d-biotin d-sulfoxide to d-biotinMethods Enzymol.62379-385(1979)

Clindamycin hydrochloride monohydrate（Clindamycin alcoholate）是一种口服蛋白质合成抑制剂，具有在金黄色葡萄球菌中以亚抑制浓度(sub-MICs)抑制毒力因子表达的能力。其抗性来源于50S核糖体亚基（23S rRNA）的抗生素结合位点通过酶促甲基化。此外，Clindamycin hydrochloride monohydrate能显著减少杀白细胞毒素（PVL）、毒性休克-葡萄球菌毒素（TSST-1）或α-溶血素（Hla）的产生。

N-Acetyltyramine 是一种群体感应抑制剂，由溶藻弧菌 M3-10 产生。N-Acetyltyramine 可以抑制C. violaceumATCC 12472 的群体感应。它可以逆转阿霉素耐药白血病 P388 细胞的耐药性。

Cyclic-di-GMP is a STING agonist and ubiquitous second messenger, which regulates the formation, motility and virulence of biofilms in various bacterial species.

Equisetin, an N-methylserine-derived acyl tetramic acid isolated from the terrestrial fungus Fusarium equiseti NRRL 5537, functions as a Quorum-sensing inhibitor (QSI) that specifically attenuates QS-regulated virulence phenotypes in P. aeruginosa, presenting a potent lead for treating P. aeruginosa infections without hindering bacterial growth. This tetramate-containing natural product possesses antibiotic and cytotoxic properties, effectively inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and HIV-1 integrase activity, yet it does not impact Gram-negative bacteria.

Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) 是从辣椒溶杆菌AZ2和白斑分枝杆菌果实中提取出的 2,5-二酮哌嗪，具有抗炎活性，对植物病原微生物 (如 R. fascians LMG 3605) 具有毒性活性，能抑制革兰氏阳性植物病原菌。Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) 以浓度依赖性方式显著抑制了IKKα、IKKβ、IκBα和NF-κB 的磷酸化以及iNOS 和COX-2的活化，是治疗炎症相关疾病的潜在治疗剂。

Inz-5 is a fungal-selective inhibitor of mitochondrial cytochrome bc1. Inz-5 impairs fungal virulence. It also prevents the evolution of drug resistance.

Antibacterial agent 247 (compound 30b) 作为一种高效的细菌 (bacterial) 拮抗剂，能够明显抑制铜绿假单胞菌生物膜的生成，其半抑制浓度（IC50）为5.8 μM，并针对多个毒力表型展现出抑制效果。此外，该化合物还能加强妥布霉素与多粘菌素B的联合治疗效果，提升其抗菌活性。

Quorum sensing-IN-9 (Compound 7d) 通过结合 PqsR 蛋白在 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 中阻断群体感应机制。它抑制 lasB、rhlA 和 pqsA 等群体感应相关基因的表达，从而阻止毒力因子如弹性蛋白酶 (elastase)、绿脓素 (pyocyanin) 和鼠李糖脂 (rhamnolipid) 的合成。该化合物削弱 P. aeruginosa 的运动能力，抑制生物膜的形成，降低其毒力及致病性。在大蜡螟 (Galleria mellonella) 幼虫模型中，Quorum sensing-IN-9 展现出抗感染活性。

CYP51 Hsp90-IN-1 (Compound MM4) 是一种CYP51 Hsp90的双重抑制剂，具有抗Candida albicans的真菌活性，并能有效抑制关键的真菌毒力因子，适用于侵袭性念珠菌病研究。

Hemipyocyanine (528-71-2) 是一种 α-淀粉酶抑制剂。

Aerobactin, as a bacterial iron chelating agent (siderophore), can be found in E. coli. It is a virulence factor that can enable E. coli to sequester iron in iron-poor environments.

5'-pApA is a linearized form of cyclic di-AMP, a bacterial second messenger that activates the host innate immune system through stimulator of interferon genes (STING).1,2,3,4It is a metabolite of cyclic di-AMP formedviahydrolysis by various phosphodiesterases (PDEs).55'-pApA is intended for use as a negative control for cyclic di-AMP signaling. 1.Burdette, D.L., Monroe, K.M., Sotelo-Troha, K., et al.STING is a direct innate immune sensor of cyclic-di-GMPNature478(7370)515-518(2011) 2.Parvatiyar, K., Zhang, Z., Teles, R.M., et al.DDX41 recognizes bacterial secondary messengers cyclic di-GMP and cyclic di-AMP to activate a type I interferon immune responseNat. Immunol.13(12)1155-1161(2012) 3.Woodward, J.J., Iavarone, A.T., and Portnoy, D.A.c-di-AMP secreted by intracellular Listeria monocytogenes activates a host type I interferon responseScience328(5986)1703-1705(2010) 4.Witte, C.E., Whiteley, A.T., Burke, T.P., et al.Cyclic di-AMP is critical for Listeria monocytogenes growth, cell wall homeostasis, and establishment of infectionmBio4(3)e00282-00213(2013) 5.Fahmi, T., Port, G.C., and Cho, K.H.c-di-AMP: An essential molecule in the signaling pathways that regulate the viability and virulence of gram-positive bacteriaGenes (Basel)8(8)197(2017)

Pheleuin is a pyrazinone derivative synthesized from a dipeptide aldehyde. Although the biological activity of this compound has not been reported, similar diketopiperazines are known to inhibit calpain and or regulate S. aureus virulence factor expression.

3-hydroxy Palmitic acid is a form of the 16:0 lipid palmitic acid . The lipid A part of lipopolysaccharides contain various 3-hydroxy fatty acids, making oxylipins such as 3-hydroxy palmitic acid useful as chemical markers of endotoxins. In R. solanacearum, 3-hydroxy palmitic acid is converted by an S-adenosyl methionine-dependent methyltransferase to 3-hydroxy palmitic acid methyl ester, which acts as a quorum sensing signal molecule for post-transcriptional modulation of genes involved in virulence. Long-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids, such as 3-hydroxy palmitic acid, are also known to accumulate during long-chain 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiencies. Such accumulation induces oxidative stress, leading to mitochondrial bioenergetics deregulation and eventual multi-organ dysfunction.

3-hydroxy Palmitic acid methyl ester (3-hydroxy PAME) is an esterized long-chain fatty acid involved in quorum sensing in R. solanacearum, a bacteria that causes lethal wilting in plants. 3-hydroxy-PAME (175 nM) increases levels of PhcA-regulated virulence factors, greater than 20-, 30-, and 25-fold for EPS I, EGL, and PME, respectively, in the AW1-83 strain of R. solanacearum.

Quorum sensing is a regulatory process used by bacteria for controlling gene expression in response to increasing cell density.[1] This regulatory process manifests itself with a variety of phenotypes including biofilm formation and virulence factor production.[2] Coordinated gene expression is achieved by the production, release, and detection of small diffusible signal molecules called autoinducers. The N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) comprise one such class of autoinducers, each of which generally consists of a fatty acid coupled with homoserine lactone (HSL). AHLs vary in acyl group length (C4-C18), in the substitution of C3 (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group) and in the presence or absence of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. These differences confer signal specificity through the affinity of transcriptional regulators of the LuxR family.[3] C16:1-Δ9-(L)-HSL is a long-chain AHL that functions as a quorum sensing signaling molecule in strains of S. meliloti.[4],[5],[6],[7] Regulating bacterial quorum sensing signaling can be used to inhibit pathogenesis and thus, represents a new approach to antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of infectious diseases.[8] Reference：[1]. González, J.E., and Keshavan, N.D. Messing with bacterial quorum sensing. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 70(4), 859-875 (2006).[2]. Gould, T.A., Herman, J., Krank, J., et al. Specificity of acyl-homoserine lactone syntheses examined by mass spectrometry. J. Bacteriol. 188(2), 773-783 (2006).[3]. Penalver, C.G.N., Morin, D., Cantet, F., et al. Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 produces a novel type of acyl-homoserine lactone with a double unsaturated side chain under methylotrophic growth conditions. FEBS Lett. 580(2), 561-567 (2006).[4]. Teplitski, M., Eberhard, A., Gronquist, M.R., et al. Chemical identification of N-acyl homoserine lactone quorum-sensing signals produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti strains in defined medium. Archives of Microbiology 180, 494-497 (2003).[5]. Gao, M., Chen, H., Eberhard, A., et al. sinI- and expR-dependent quorum sensing in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Journal of Bacteriology 187(23), 7931-7944 (2005).[6]. Marketon, M.M., Glenn, S.A., Eberhard, A., et al. Quorum sensing controls exopolysaccharide production in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Journal of Bacteriology 185(1), 325-331 (2003).[7]. Marketon, M., Gronquist, M.R., Eberhard, A., et al. Characterization of the Sinorhizobium meliloti sinR sinI locus and the production of novel N-Acyl homoserine lactones. Journal of Bacteriology 184(20), 5686-5695 (2002).[8]. Cegelski, L., Marshall, G.R., Eldridge, G.R., et al. The biology and future prospects of antivirulence therapies. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6(1), 17-27 (2008).

Quorum sensing is a regulatory process used by bacteria for controlling gene expression in response to increasing cell density. This regulatory process manifests itself with a variety of phenotypes including biofilm formation and virulence factor production. Coordinated gene expression is achieved by the production, release, and detection of small diffusible signal molecules called autoinducers. The N-acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) comprise one such class of autoinducers, each of which generally consists of a fatty acid coupled with homoserine lactone (HSL). AHLs vary in acyl group length (C4-C18), in the substitution of C3 (hydrogen, hydroxyl, or oxo group) and in the presence or absence of one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid chain. These differences confer signal specificity through the affinity of transcriptional regulators of the LuxR family. C18:1-δ9 cis-(L)-HSL is a long-chain AHL that may have antimicrobial activity and thus, might be used to inhibit pathogenesis by regulating bacerial quorum sensing signaling.