Luteolin 7-sulfate, derived from the marine plant Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino, suppresses TYR gene expression by intervening in a signaling pathway involving the cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). This inhibition ultimately leads to a decrease in melanin synthesis.
Chitotetraose tetrahydrochloride is a short-chain chitin oligomer derived from arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. This compound effectively activates the conserved symbiosis signaling pathway (CSSP) in actinorhizal plant species.
Kansuinine E, a jatrophane-type diterpenoid, is a plant-derived compound isolated from the roots of E. kansui. It functions as a nitric oxide inhibitor, with an inhibitory concentration of 6.3 μM (IC50).