pad-4

GSK484 hydrochloride (GTPL8577) 是一种可逆的肽酰基精氨酸脱亚氨酶 4 (PAD4) 抑制剂。它高亲和力与 PAD4 结合，在存在 2 mM 钙和不存在钙的情况下，IC50分别为 250 和 50 nM。GSK484 可以在体内和体外促进结直肠癌（CRC）的放射敏感性并抑制 NET 的形成。

Bongkrekic acid (Bongkrekic Acid (ammonium salt)) 是一种由伯克霍尔德菌（Burkholderia gladioli）分泌的线粒体毒素，抑制腺嘌呤核苷酸转位酶 （ANT）。Bongkrekic acid Bongkrekic acid 通过 p38、ERK、PAD4 和 P2X1 介导的信号传导诱导中性粒细胞胞外陷阱。

Streptonigrin is a natural product produced by Streptomyces flocculus, has both anti-tumor and anti-bacterial activity. Streptonigrin acts as a pan-PAD inhibitor (IC50s: 48.3±34.2 µM, 26.1±0.3 µM, 0.43±0.03 µM, and 2.5±0.4 µM for PAD1, PAD2, PAD3, and PAD

PAD4-IN-2（化合物5i）是一种具有IC50为1.94 μM的PAD4抑制剂。该化合物能够通过特异性抑制中性粒细胞内PAD4-H3cit-NETs途径，从而有效抑制小鼠体内肿瘤生长。

PAD4-IN-3（compound 4B）是PAD4抑制剂，表现出体内外的抗肿瘤活性。该化合物通过共价连接RGD序列肽修饰的壳聚糖（K-CRGDV），形成增强的氧化应激反应性纳米剂。K-CRGDV-PAD4-IN-3能够主动靶向肿瘤，抑制PAD4活性，阻断中性粒细胞胞外陷阱（NET）的形成，并通过改善肿瘤免疫微环境来响应肿瘤微环境。

Cl-amidine is an orally active inhibitor of peptidyl arginine deminase (PAD) (IC50s: 0.8 μM, 6.2 μM, and 5.9 μM for PAD1, PAD3, and PAD4). Cl-amidine induces apoptosis in cancer cells.

Cl-amidine hydrochloride 是一种口服有效的PAD抑制剂，可阻断组蛋白3去亚胺化和中性粒细胞胞外陷阱的形成，并提高败血症小鼠的存活率。它可诱导癌细胞凋亡，还可诱导 miR-16 引起细胞周期阻滞。

GSK199 是可逆的 PAD4选择性抑制剂，当缺少钙离子时，其 IC50值为 200 nM。

BMS-P5 free base 是一种特异性，可口服的肽精氨酸二亚胺酶抑制剂，可阻断多发性骨髓瘤诱导的 NET 形成，并延缓肿瘤进程。

GSK121 Trifluoroacetate 是PAD4的选择性抑制剂。

Cl-amidine TFA is an orally active inhibitor of peptidyl arginine deminase (PAD) with IC50 values of 0.8 μM, 6.2 μM, and 5.9 μM for PAD1, PAD3, and PAD4, respectively. Cl-amidine induces apoptosis in cancer cells.

N-[1-(Aminocarbonyl)-4-[(2-chloro-1-iminoethyl)amino]butyl]benzamide 是Cl-amidine (S 构型)的消旋形式。Cl-amidine 口服有效的 PAD 抑制剂。

Photoswitchable PAD inhibitor is a photoactivated protein arginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitor and a derivative of BB-Cl-amidine that contains an azobenzene photoswitch allowing optical control of PAD activity.1 Without photoactivation, it is a weak inhibitor of PAD2 (IC50 = >100 μM) and is less potent than BB-Cl-amidine in inhibiting citrulline production in vitro (kinact KIs = 2,300, 600, 1,000, and 10,510 M-1min-1 for PAD1-4, respectively) and does not inhibit histone H3 citrullination in HEK293T cells overexpressing PAD2 when used at concentrations up to 100 μM. However, it can rapidly be photoactivated with UV-A radiation to the more active cis-isomer, which is an irreversible, competitive inhibitor of histone H3 citrullination with an IC50 value of 9.1 μM.References1. Mondal, S., Parelkar, S.S., Nagar, M., et al. Photochemical control of protein arginine deiminase (PAD) activity. ACS Chem. Biol. 13(4), 1057-1065 (2018). Photoswitchable PAD inhibitor is a photoactivated protein arginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitor and a derivative of BB-Cl-amidine that contains an azobenzene photoswitch allowing optical control of PAD activity.1 Without photoactivation, it is a weak inhibitor of PAD2 (IC50 = >100 μM) and is less potent than BB-Cl-amidine in inhibiting citrulline production in vitro (kinact KIs = 2,300, 600, 1,000, and 10,510 M-1min-1 for PAD1-4, respectively) and does not inhibit histone H3 citrullination in HEK293T cells overexpressing PAD2 when used at concentrations up to 100 μM. However, it can rapidly be photoactivated with UV-A radiation to the more active cis-isomer, which is an irreversible, competitive inhibitor of histone H3 citrullination with an IC50 value of 9.1 μM. References1. Mondal, S., Parelkar, S.S., Nagar, M., et al. Photochemical control of protein arginine deiminase (PAD) activity. ACS Chem. Biol. 13(4), 1057-1065 (2018).

YW3-56 is a potent peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 1-5 μM for PAD4. Compared with Cl-amidine, YW3-56 shows >60-fold increase in cell growth inhibition efficacy (IC50 about 2.5 μM) but only 5-fold increase in PAD4 inhibition (IC sub>50 about 1-5 μM). At 2-4 μM concentrations, YW3-56 displays mainly cytostatic effects by slowing cell division, whereas at higher concentrations, it exerts cytotoxic effects by altering cell morphology and killing cells[1]. [1]. Wang Y, et al. Anticancer peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitors regulate the autophagy flux and t he mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity. J Biol Chem. 2012 Jul 27;287(31):25941-53.

YW3-56 is an inhibitor of protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) and PAD4 (IC50s = 0.5-1 and 1-5 μM, respectively).1It inhibits the growth of U2OS osteosarcoma cells (IC50= ~2.5 μM) in a p53-dependent mannerviainduction of SESN2 and subsequent inhibition of mTORC1. YW3-56 (10 mg kg) reduces tumor growth in an S-180 murine sarcoma tumor model. It also inhibits tumor growth in the 1883 MDA-MB-231 breast cancer bone metastasis mouse xenograft model.2 1.Wang, Y., Li, P., Wang, S., et al.Anticancer peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitors regulate the autophagy flux and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activityThe Journal of Biological Chemisty287(31)25941-25952(2012) 2.Wang, S., Chen, X.A., Hu, J., et al.ATF4 gene network mediates cellular response to the anticancer PAD inhibitor YW3-56 in triple-negative breast cancer cellsMol. Cancer Ther.14(4)877-888(2015)

Resolvin E2 (RvE2) is a member of the specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) family of bioactive lipids.1It is produced from eicosapentaenoic acidviaan 18-HEPE intermediate, which is formed by aspirin-acetylated COX-2-mediated oxidation of EPA, by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) in human polymorphonuclear (PMN) neutrophils.2,3RvE2 (20 ng/animal) inhibits increases in inflammatory exudate neutrophil infiltration in a mouse model of peritonitis induced by zymosan A .3Hepatic RvE2 levels are increased in mice fed normal chow, as well as in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), by dietary supplementation with EPA.4Plasma levels of RvE2 are increased by dietary supplementation with fish oil containing ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in patients with peripheral artery disease or chronic kidney disease.1,5,6 1.Chiang, N., and Serhan, C.N.Specialized pro-resolving mediator network: An update on production and actionsEssays Biochem.64(3)443-462(2020) 2.Tjonahen, E., Oh, S.F., Siegelman, J., et al.Resolvin E2: Identification and anti-inflammatory actions: Pivotal role of human 5-lipoxygenase in resolvin E series biosynthesisChemistry & Biology131193-1202(2006) 3.Sungwhan, F.O., Pillai, P.S., Recchiuti, A., et al.Pro-resolving actions and stereoselective biosynthesis of 18S E-series resolvins in human leukocytes and murine inflammationJ. Clin. Invest.121(2)569-581(2011) 4.Echeverría, F., Valenzuela, R., Espinosa, A., et al.Reduction of high-fat diet-induced liver proinflammatory state by eicosapentaenoic acid plus hydroxytyrosol supplementation: Involvement of resolvins RvE1/2 and RvD1/2J. Nutr. Biochem.6335-43(2019) 5.Ramirez, J.L., Gasper, W.J., Khetani, S.A., et al.Fish oil increases specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in PAD (the OMEGA-PAD II trial)J. Surg. Res.238164-174(2019) 6.Barden, A.E., Shinde, S., Burke, V., et al.The effect of n-3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 supplementation on neutrophil leukotrienes, mediators of inflammation resolution and myeloperoxidase in chronic kidney diseaseProstaglandins Other Lipid Mediat.1361-8(2018)

BB-Cl-Yne is a cell-permeable derivative of the protein arginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitor BB-Cl-amidine that contains an alkyne moiety for use in click chemistry reactions. BB-CL-Yne inhibits PAD1-4 with Kinact KI values of 6,400, 3,600, 10,800, and 4,900 M-1min-1, respectively. It has been used for labeling PADs in cell-free and cell-based assays, followed by click reactions with azide-modified TAMRA or biotin reporters.