RC363 is an inhibitor of ferroptosis and a derivative of the antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic agent probucol .1It reduces 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals by approximately 40% in a cell-free assay when used at a concentration of 25 μM. RC363 prevents glutamate-induced toxicity in HT22 cultured hippocampal cells (IC50= 234.5 nM) but does not reduce oxidant levels in these cells. It increases the levels of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) and the activity of GPX in glutamate-challenged HT22 cells when used at a concentration of 3 μM. RC363 inhibits ferroptosis induced by the GPX4 inhibitor RSL3 in HT22 cells (IC50= 173.6 nM). 1.Bueno, D.C., Canto, R.F.S., de Souza, V., et al.New probucol analogues inhibit ferroptosis, improve mitochondrial parameters, and induce glutathione peroxidase in HT22 cellsMol. Neurobiol.57(8)3273-3290(2020)
TFM is a piscicide.1It is toxic to sea lamprey (P. marinus) with LC50values ranging from 1.97 to 2.11 and 2.05 to 2.21 mg/L for sac and swim-up fry, respectively, 1.6 to 2.45 mg/L for juveniles, and 1.6 to 1.63 mg/L for adults. It is also toxic to juvenile lake sturgeon (A. fulvescens) less than 100 mm in size but not to a variety of other fish species. TFM (50 μM) uncouples oxidative phosphorylation by 22 and 28% in isolated sea lamprey and rainbow trout (O. mykiss) liver, respectively.2Formulations containing TFM have been used as lampricides in the control of larval sea lamprey populations. 1.Boogaard, M.A., Bills, T.D., and Johnson, D.A.Acute toxicity of TFM and a TFM/niclosamide mixture to selected species of fish, including lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) and mudpuppies (Necturus maculosus), in laboratory and field exposuresJ. Great Lakes Res.29(Suppl 1)529-541(2003) 2.Birceanu, O., McClelland, G.B., Wang, Y.S., et al.The lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) uncouples mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in both sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and TFM-tolerant rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. Toxicol. Pharmacol.153(3)342-349(2011)