histones

Chlorambucil (CB-1348) 是一种口服活性的氮芥类双功能烷基化剂，具有抗肿瘤活性，可用于研究淋巴细胞白血病、卵巢癌和乳腺癌以及霍奇金病。

Inobrodib (CBP-IN-1) 是一种口服活性的强选择性p300 CBP 抑制剂，与 p300 和 CBP 结合，Kd 值为 1.3 和 1.7 nM。它抑制前列腺癌细胞系的细胞增殖并降低雄激素受体和 C-MYC 调节的基因表达。

LP99 是一种表观遗传探针，可破坏 BRD7 和 BRD9 与细胞中染色质的结合。它是一种选择性的 BRD7 和 BRD9 溴结构域抑制剂，对 BRD9 的 Kd 为 99 nM。

BRD9539 是一种组蛋白甲基转移酶G9a 抑制剂，IC50为 6.3 μM，还抑制PRC2活性。

Histone Acetyltransferase Inhibitor II 是一种选择性的细胞渗透性 p300 组蛋白乙酰转移酶抑制剂，IC50值为 5 µM。它在哺乳动物细胞中具有抗乙酰化酶活性，可用于癌症研究。

Trichostatin A (TSA) 属于二烯异羟肟酸类的天然衍生物。Trichostatin A 是一种组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂 (IC50=1.8 nM)，具有可逆性和特异性。Trichostatin A 导致核心组蛋白过度乙酰化，从而调节染色质结构。

Patamostat (E-3123) mesylate 是一种组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)抑制剂。Patamostat mesylate 增加乙酰化的组蛋白和微管蛋白在肿瘤细胞中积累，促使细胞周期终止和细胞凋亡。Patamostat mesylate具有抗肿瘤活性，可用于研究多发性骨髓瘤。

(R)-BAY1238097是BAY1238097的R-异构体，其活性相对较低。BAY1238097 是一种针对 BET 蛋白与组蛋白结合的高效选择性抑制剂，在各种急性髓性白血病（AML）和多发性骨髓瘤（MM）模型中显示出显著的抗增殖作用。其高活性是通过下调 c-Myc 水平并随后调节其下游转录组实现的。

Cyclo-L-Trp-L-Trp 是一种广谱抗真菌剂。它还诱导组蛋白的高度乙酰化。

Suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid (SBHA) 是一种竞争性且可透过细胞的HDAC1和HDAC3抑制剂，ID50值分别为 0.25 μM 和 0.30 μM。它使肿瘤细胞易于凋亡并促进线粒体凋亡途径，可研究甲状腺髓样癌。

(+)-Biotin 4-amidobenzoic acid is a substrate of biotinidase, which cleaves biotin amide to give biotin in vivo. Biotin is an essential coenzyme for certain carboxylases and is used to modify histones and regulate gene transcription. Biotinidase has key roles in intestinal absorption of biotin, the transport of biotin in plasma, and in the regulation of histone biotinylation. (+)-Biotin 4-amidobenzoic acid is hydrolyzed by biotinidase to release 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which can be quantified by either fluorescent or colorimetric methods. This approach is used in biotinidase activity assays in newborn screening protocols to evaluate biotinidase deficiency.

The methylation of lysine residues on histones plays a central role in determining euchromatin structure and gene expression. The histone methyltransferase (HMTase) G9a can mono- or dimethylate lysine 9 on histone 3 (H3), contributing to early embryogenesis, genomic imprinting, and lymphocyte development. BIX01294 (hydrochloride hydrate) is a selective inhibitor of G9a HMTase (IC50 = 1.7 μM). It less effectively inhibits the HMTase G9a-like protein (GLP; IC50 = 38 μM) and has no effect on other known HMTases. BIX01294 has been used in combination with the calcium channel activator BayK8644 to facilitate the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells in vitro.

TCEP-biotin is biotinylated form of the reducing agent TCEP and an affinity probe for protein lysine crotonylation. Covalent addition of the TCEP moiety to crotonylated lysine residues results in adduct formation that allows for detection or immobilization of crotonylated proteins through interaction with the biotin ligand. It has been used in the detection and isolation of crotonylated histones in HEK293 cells.

Citarinostat (ACY241) 是一种强效、选择性和口服组蛋白脱乙酰酶 (HDAC) 抑制剂，具有抗肿瘤活性，对 HDAC1、HDAC2、HDAC3、HDAC6 和 HDAC8 的 IC50分别为 35、45、46、2.6 和 137 nM。

Mivebresib (ABBV-075) 是一种有效的，口服活性的溴结构域和末端结构域 (BET) 抑制剂，结合BRD4的Ki 值是 1.5 nM。

Histone H3 (1-35) is a 35-residue peptide derived from histone H3, which is a key member of the five main histones participating in the formation of chromatin within eukaryotic cells.

FT-1101 is an orally bioavailable, potent and selective BET inhibitor. FT-1101 binds to the acetylated lysine recognition motifs in the bromodomain sites of BET proteins, thereby preventing the interaction between the BET proteins and acetylated histones. This disrupts chromatin remodeling and gene expression. Prevention of the expression of certain growth-promoting genes may lead to the inhibition of tumor cell growth. BET proteins, comprised of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT, are transcriptional regulators that play an important role during development and cellular growth.

Bisthianostat, also known as CF367 or CF367;-C, is a novel Orally Efficacious Pan-HDAC Inhibitor. Bisthianostat selectively binds to and inhibits HDACs, which inhibits deacetylation of histone proteins and leads to the accumulation of highly acetylated histones. This may result in an induction of chromatin remodeling, the inhibition of tumor oncogene transcription, and the selective transcription of tumor suppressor genes. This prevents cell division, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. This may inhibit the proliferation of susceptible tumor cells. HDACs, upregulated in many tumor cell types, are a family of enzymes that deacetylate histone proteins.

Nanatinostat, also known as Tractinostat, CHR-3996 and VRx-3996, is an orally bioavailable, second-generation hydroxamic acid-based inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) with potential antineoplastic activity. HDAC inhibitor CHR-3996 inhibits HDAC, resulting in an accumulation of highly acetylated histones, the induction of chromatin remodeling, and the selective transcription of tumor suppressor genes; these events may result in the inhibition of tumor cell division and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. This agent may upregulate HSP70 and downregulate anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins more substantially than some first-generation HDAC inhibitors. HDACs, upregulated in many tumor cell types, are a family of metalloenzymes responsible for the deacetylation of chromatin histone proteins.

STC314 具有抗感染作用，通过中和胞外组蛋白和中性粒细胞诱捕网来逆转机体过度免疫反应造成的器官损伤，可用于研究脓毒症和急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)。STC314 可保护脂质双层的稳定性，抑制血小板活化和红细胞损伤。

PI3Kα HDAC6-IN-1（化合物21j）是一种针对PI3Kα HDAC6的双重抑制剂，其IC50值分别为2.9 nM和26 nM。该化合物还能抑制AKT(Ser473)的磷酸化，诱导α-微管蛋白的积累，并促进其乙酰化，但对乙酰化组蛋白H3和H4无显著影响。在L-363细胞系中，PI3Kα HDAC6-IN-1显示了高效的抑制活性（IC50=0.17 μM），表现出良好的抗癌潜力。

HDAC3-IN-2 (compound 4i) 是一种具有纳摩尔级效力的吡嗪酰肼基HDAC3抑制剂，IC50值为14 nM，针对三阴性乳腺癌细胞表现出高效抑制作用。该化合物在细胞内毒性测定中显示，对4T1细胞株的IC50为0.55 μM，对MDA-MB-231细胞株的IC50为0.74 μM。HDAC3-IN-2通过增加乙酰化水平（如H3K9、H3K27和H4K12），促进细胞凋亡（涉及caspase-3、caspase-7和细胞色素c的水平提升），并抑制细胞增殖相关蛋白（如Bcl-2、CD44、EGFR和Ki-67）的表达，从而在荷瘤小鼠模型中表现出显著的体内抗肿瘤作用。

N-myristoyl-RKRTLRRL 抑制 PKC 底物结合，亦阻碍 Ca2+ 和磷脂酰丝氨酸（PS）依赖性组蛋白磷酸化，其中 IC50 为 5 μM；同样，N-myristoyl-RKRTLRRL 对组蛋白磷酸化的抑制作用中，IC50 为 80 μM。

CPTH6, a thiazole derivative, selectively inhibits the lysine acetyltransferase activity of Gcn5 and pCAF without affecting p300 or CBP. It effectively blocks the acetylation of H3/H4 histones and α-tubulin in various leukemia cell lines, leading to reduced cell viability by arresting the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase and inducing apoptosis. Additionally, CPTH6 disrupts autophagy across several tumor cell lines, primarily by interfering with ATG7-mediated autophagosomal membrane elongation.