hippocampal neurons

TRPM4 inhibitor 8 是瞬态受体电位 melastatin 4 (TRPM4) 的抑制剂，它有助于活力、迁移、细胞周期转变和粘附。

Chlorahololide D(氯青霉素 D)是一种天然的椴树烷型倍半萜类二聚体和选择性钾通道阻滞剂，刺激活性氧ROS水平使细胞周期阻滞在G2期，调控Bcl-2和Bax和FAK，从而抑制MCF-7细胞的生长并引发凋亡。在体内实验中抑制肿瘤的增殖、迁移和血管形成，具有抗乳腺癌的潜力。

Adhesamine 是一种哑铃状的分子，能够激活 MAPK FAK 通路。Adhesamine 能促进哺乳动物细胞的粘附和生长。Adhesamine 加速原代培养小鼠海马神经元的分化并提高存活率。

EM 163是一种 TIR-TIR 相互作用抑制剂，它是MyD88蛋白的TIR（Toll 白细胞介素-1受体）结构域拟态。EM 163针对IL-1受体中的TIR 结构域，阻断与MyD88的相互作用。EM 163抑制葡萄球菌肠毒素B（SEB）引起的体内炎症细胞因子的产生。EM 163能保护小鼠免受SEB 冲击引起的死亡。在体外的大鼠海马神经元中，EM 163阻断p38的激活和IL-1β对化学诱导的长期电位（LTP）引发的蛋白质合成的抑制作用。

3'-Methoxypuerarin 是一种提取自葛根中的异黄酮，具有神经元保护作用。

Succinyl phosphonate 是一种 α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶 (α-KGDHC ) 和 OGDHC 抑制剂，抑制 α-酮戊二酸氧化脱羧。Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt 抑制谷氨酸诱导的谷氨酸刺激的海马神经元中的 ROS 产生，可用于研究神经退行性疾病。

UCL 2077 是癫痫相关 KCNQ 通道的亚型选择性阻滞剂，也是一种选择性慢后超极化通道阻滞剂，在培养的海马神经元中 IC50 为 500 nM，对 Ca2+ 通道、动作电位、输入电阻的影响小 ，以及超极化后的介质。

Adhesamine diTFA, 一种哑铃状的分子，主要激活MAPK FAK通路。该化合物不仅促进哺乳动物细胞的粘附与生长，还能加快原代培养小鼠海马神经元的分化，并显著提升其存活率。

Benzolamide (CL 11366) 是碳酸酐酶 (CA) 抑制剂，抑制hCA I(Ki:15 nM)、hCA II(Ki:9 nM)、EcoCAγ(Ki:94 nM)、VchCAγ(Ki:78 nM)、CAS3(Ki:54 nM)。它可用于研究青光眼和癫痫。

CM-414 is a dual inhibitor of HDACs and PDE5 for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (IC50 values of 60 nM, 310 nM, 490 nM, 322 nM, and 91 nM against PDE5, HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, and HDAC6, respectively). Chronic treatment of Tg2576 mice with CM-414 dimini

(RS)-MCPG ((±)-MCPG) 是一种竞争性和选择性 I II 组代谢型谷氨酸受体 (mGluR) 拮抗剂，可阻断 TBS 诱导的幼年和新生大鼠海马神经元的转变。

SAR502250 is a potent, selective, ATP competitive, orally active and brain-penetrant inhibitor of GSK3, with an IC50 of 12 nM for human GSK-3β. SAR502250 displays antidepressant-like activity. SAR502250 can be used for the research of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)[1][2]. SAR502250 (0.01-1 μM; 36 h) attenuates the Aβ25-35-induced cell death in rat embryonic hippocampal neurons[2]. SAR502250 (1-100 mg kg; a single p.o,) attenuates tau hyperphosphorylation in the cortex and spinal cord of transgenic mice expressing P301L tau[2].SAR502250 (10-30 mg kg; p.o. once daily for 7 weeks) improves the cognitive deficit in transgenic APP(SW) Tau(VLW) mice after infusion of Aβ25-35[2].SAR502250 (10-30 mg kg; a single p.o.) significantly increases the percentage of lever-presses in the inter-response time (IRT) bin (49-96 s), with a significant augmentation of the percentage of reinforced responses[2].SAR502250 (30 mg kg; i.p. once daily for 28 d) ameliorates chronic stress-induced degradation of the physical state of the mice coat[2].SAR502250 (10-60 mg kg; a single p.o.) decreases hyperactivity produced by psychostimulantsin mice[2]. [1]. Fukunaga K, et, al. 2-(2-Phenylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones; a new class of potent, selective and orally active glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2013 Dec 15;23(24):6933-7.[2]. Griebel G, et, al. The selective GSK3 inhibitor, SAR502250, displays neuroprotective activity and attenuates behavioral impairments in models of neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in rodents. Sci Rep. 2019 Dec 2;9(1):18045.

Alaproclate is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).1,2 It inhibits depletion of serotonin (5-HT) induced by 4-methyl-α-ethyl-m-tyramine in rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and striatum (EC50s = 18, 4, 8, and 12 mg kg, respectively).1 Alaproclate inhibits NMDA-evoked currents and depolarization-induced voltage-dependent potassium currents in rat hippocampal neurons (IC50s = 1.1 and 6.9 μM, respectively) and does not inhibit GABA-evoked currents when used at concentrations up to 100 μM.2 It increases sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) levels in N2a murine neuroblastoma cells expressing apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4; IC50 = 2.3 μM) and in the hippocampus in the FXFAD-ApoE4 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease when administered at a dose of 20 mg kg twice daily.3 Alaproclate (40 mg kg) decreases immobility time in the forced swim test in rats, indicating antidepressant-like activity.4References1. Michael, G.B., Eidam, C., Kadlec, K., et al. Increased MICs of gamithromycin and tildipirosin in the presence of the genes erm(42) and msr(E)-mph(E) for bovine Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 67(6), 1555-1557 (2012).2. Svensson, B.E., Werkman, T.R., and Rogawski, M.A. Alaproclate effects on voltage-dependent K+ channels and NMDA receptors: Studies in cultured rat hippocampal neurons and fibroblast cells transformed with Kv1.2 K+ channel cDNA. Neuropharmacology 33(6), 795-804 (1994).3. Campagna, J., Soilman, P., Jagodzinska, B., et al. A small molecule ApoE4-targeted therapeutic candidate that normalizes sirtuin 1 levels and improves cognition in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 17574 (2018).4. Danysz, W.P., A., Kostowski, W., Malatynska, E., et al. Comparison of desipramine, amitriptyline, zimeldine and alaproclate in six animal models used to investigate antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 62(1), 42-50 (1988). Alaproclate is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).1,2 It inhibits depletion of serotonin (5-HT) induced by 4-methyl-α-ethyl-m-tyramine in rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and striatum (EC50s = 18, 4, 8, and 12 mg kg, respectively).1 Alaproclate inhibits NMDA-evoked currents and depolarization-induced voltage-dependent potassium currents in rat hippocampal neurons (IC50s = 1.1 and 6.9 μM, respectively) and does not inhibit GABA-evoked currents when used at concentrations up to 100 μM.2 It increases sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) levels in N2a murine neuroblastoma cells expressing apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4; IC50 = 2.3 μM) and in the hippocampus in the FXFAD-ApoE4 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease when administered at a dose of 20 mg kg twice daily.3 Alaproclate (40 mg kg) decreases immobility time in the forced swim test in rats, indicating antidepressant-like activity.4 References1. Michael, G.B., Eidam, C., Kadlec, K., et al. Increased MICs of gamithromycin and tildipirosin in the presence of the genes erm(42) and msr(E)-mph(E) for bovine Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 67(6), 1555-1557 (2012).2. Svensson, B.E., Werkman, T.R., and Rogawski, M.A. Alaproclate effects on voltage-dependent K+ channels and NMDA receptors: Studies in cultured rat hippocampal neurons and fibroblast cells transformed with Kv1.2 K+ channel cDNA. Neuropharmacology 33(6), 795-804 (1994).3. Campagna, J., Soilman, P., Jagodzinska, B., et al. A small molecule ApoE4-targeted therapeutic candidate that normalizes sirtuin 1 levels and improves cognition in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 17574 (2018).4. Danysz, W.P., A., Kostowski, W., Malatynska, E., et al. Comparison of desipramine, amitriptyline, zimeldine and alaproclate in six animal models used to investigate antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 62(1), 42-50 (1988).

Negative control for st-Ht31 . Gorshkov et al (2017) AKAP-mediated feedback control of cAMP gradients in developing hippocampal neurons. Nat.Chem.Biol. 13 425 PMID:28192412 |Vijayaraghavan et al (1997) Protein kinase A-anchoring inhibitor peptides arrest mammalian sperm motility. J.Biol.Chem. 272 4747 PMID:9030527 |Vincent et al (2017) Signaling: Spatial regulation of axonal cAMP. Nat.Chem.Biol. 13 348 PMID:28328917

Photoswitchable Kv channel blocker (IC50 values are 2 and 64 μM at 500 nm and 380 nm respectively). Switches conformation from cis to trans at 500 nm and trans to cis at 380 nm. Exhibits minimal activity at Nav1.2 and L-type Ca2+ channels. Stimulates action potential firing of hippocampal neurons in vitro at 500 nm and restores visual responsiveness in blind mice at 380 nm. Fortin et al (2008) Photochemical control of endogenous ion channels and cellular excitability. Nat.Methods 5 331 PMID:18311146 |Polosukhina et al (2012) Photochemical restoration of visual responses in blind mice. Neuron 75 271 PMID:22841312 |Banghart et al (2009) Photochromic blockers of voltage-gated potassium channels. Angew.Chem.Int.Ed. 48 9097 PMID:19882609

8-hydroxy Efavirenz is a major oxidative metabolite of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz . 8-hydroxy Efavirenz is formed when efavirenz is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP2B6. It induces apoptosis in rat primary hippocampal neurons and loss of dendritic spines in rat primary hippocampal neuronal cultures when used at a concentration of 0.01 μM.

Afizagabar (S44819) is a first-in-class, competitive, and selective antagonist at the GABA-binding site of the α5-GABAAR, with an IC50 of 585 nM for α5β2γ2 and a Ki of 66 nM for α5β3γ2. Afizagabar enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity and exhibits pro-cognitive efficacy[1]. Afizagabar (S44819) is a competitive α5-GABAAR antagonist (Kb=221 nM). Afizagabar selectively inhibits extrasynaptic α5-GABAARs of mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons[1]. Afizagabar (1 and 3 mg kg; i.p.) significantly diminishes the marked increase in total errors induced by Scopolamine[1]. [1]. Etherington LA, et al. Selective inhibition of extra-synaptic α5-GABAA receptors by S44819, a new therapeutic agent. Neuropharmacology. 2017;125:353-364.

GAT229 is a positive allosteric modulator of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and the S-(-) enantiomer of the CB1 modulator GAT211. It does not activate the receptor on its own but enhances the binding and activity of CB agonists. GAT229 (1 μM) enhances the binding of the CB1 full agonist CP 55,940 to CHO cells expressing human recombinant CB1 (hCB1), as well as the activity of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol , arachidonoyl ethanolamide , and CP 55,940 in arrestin2 recruitment assays and increases ERK1 2 and PLCβ3 phosphorylation in HEK293 cells expressing hCB1. GAT229 (1 μM) enhances depolarization-induced suppression of excitation but does not inhibit excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in murine autaptic hippocampal neurons. GAT229 (0.2%, topical) reduces intraocular pressure by 5.8 and 7.7 mm Hg after 6 and 12 hours, respectively, in a transgenic mouse model of ocular hypertension using nose, ear, eye mutation (nee) mice.

Prostaglandin D2 ethanolamide (PGD2-EA) is a bioactive lipid produced by the sequential metabolism of anandamide (arachidonoyl ethanolamide) by cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, in particular by COX-2, and PGD synthase. The biosynthesis of PGD2-EA from anandamide can also be increased when anandamide metabolism is diminished by deletion of fatty acid amide hydrolase. PGD2-EA is inactive against recombinant prostanoid receptors, including the D prostanoid receptor. It increases the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in primary cultured hippocampal neurons, an effect which is the opposite of that induced by anandamide.. PGD2-EA also induces apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma cell lines.

Jatrorrhizine chloride (Neprotine chloride) 是从黄连中分离得到的生物碱，具有神经保护、抗菌、抗氧化和抗疟原虫活性。它通过抑制摄取2转运蛋白的活性减少血清素和去甲肾上腺素的摄取。它是具有口服活性的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂。

GYKI 52466 is an allosteric AMPA receptor antagonist. It selectively inhibits AMPA-induced inward currents (IC50 = 7.5 µM) over NMDA- or GABA-induced inward currents in primary rat hippocampal neurons at 50 µM but also inhibits kainate-induced inward currents in the same cells (IC50 = 11 µM).2 GYKI 52466 (10 µM) reduces the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in the same cells. It increases the latency to seizure onset and reduces mortality in a rat model of generalized tonic-clonic seizures induced by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) when administered at doses of 25 and 50 mg kg. GYKI 52466 (30 mg kg) prevents neuronal damage in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in a rat model of global ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by four-vessel occlusion.

Pirlindole-d4 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of pirlindole by GC- or LC-MS. Pirlindole is a selective and reversible monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitor. It is selective for MAO-A over MAO-B. In rats, it reverses the depressive-like effects induced by chronic mild stress (CMS), increases proliferation of hippocampal neural progenitor cells, and reverses dendritic atrophy in granule neurons. Pirlindole is also an inhibitor of enterovirus-D68 and coxsackievirus B3 (CV-B3), inhibiting the genome replication phase of CV-B3 infection with an EC50 value of 7.7 µM independent of MAO-A activity.

NMDAR TRPM4-IN-2 是一种有效的 NMDAR TRPM4 相互作用界面抑制剂。NMDAR TRPM4-IN-2 保护小鼠免受 MCAO 诱导的脑损伤和 NMDA 诱导的视网膜神经节细胞丢失。NMDAR TRPM4-IN-2 具有神经保护活性， 可预防 NMDA 诱导的海马神经元细胞死亡和线粒体功能障碍，其 IC50 值为 2.1 μM。

Etbicyphat (Trimethylopropane phosphate)作为一种GABA(A)受体竞争性拮抗剂展现出显著效果。通过诱发海马体CA1神经元的类似癫痫的活动并与GABA(A)-benzodiazepine受体结合，Etbicyphat的作用机制得到了阐述。