c. albicans

Fluconazole (UK-49858) 是一种对多种真菌具有活性的三唑类抗真菌剂，抑制 C. albicans 和 Candida kefyr 的 IC99为 0.20 μg/mL 至 0.39 μg/mL。

Filastatin 是一种长效的白色念珠菌丝状体抑制剂，具有强大的抗真菌作用。它抑制真菌与聚苯乙烯和人类细胞的粘附，从酵母到菌丝的形态转变，抑制菌丝特异性 HWP1 启动子。

Rezafungin (SP-3025) 是一种长效的广谱棘皮菌素，对念珠菌、曲霉和肺孢子菌具有强效抗真菌活性。

Isavuconazole (RO-0094815) 是一种三唑类前药，对酵母、霉菌和二型真菌具有抗真菌活性。它抑制麦角固醇生物合成，导致真菌膜结构和功能的破坏。它是 CYP3A4抑制剂。

Citric acid (Citro) 是柑橘类水果中发现的弱有机三羧酸。柠檬酸是食品添加剂和天然防腐剂。

Oxiconazole（奥昔康唑）是一种广谱咪唑类抗真菌剂，对T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, T. violaceum, E. floccosum, M. canis, M. audouini, M. gypseum, C. albicans, and M. furfur.具有杀菌活性，通过破坏细胞色素P450酶（羊毛甾醇14- α去甲基化酶），抑制麦角甾醇的生物合成，破坏真菌细胞膜完整性。还可以抑制DNA合成和抑制细胞内ATP的浓度。

NSC 55655 (5-[(2-Nitrophenyl)methylene]-2,4-thiazolidinedione) 具有抗菌和抗氧化活性，抑制 B. subtilis, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, E. coli, S. typhi ，A. niger 和 C. albicans 的增殖，可用于糖尿病。

Amphotericin X1 is a derivative of Amphotericin B with good antifungal activity. Amphotericin X1 inhibits Candida albicans 33/079, Cryptococcus neoformans 451, C.parapsilosis 937A, Aspergillus niger 57A and A.fumigatus (MICs: 1 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL, 8 μg/mL, 2

Luteolin-7-rutinoside has both antifungal activities and anti-arthritic, can result in a combination therapy for the treatment of fungal arthritis due to C. albicans infection.

Yck2-IN-1 (Compound 2a) 是一种针对真菌Candida albicans中Yck2的有效抑制剂。其对Yck2的IC50约为80 nM，对C. albicans的MIC80为12.5 µM，并且在代谢稳定性方面表现优异（小鼠肝微粒体中残留率为66%）。在抗药性念珠菌小鼠模型下，该化合物能显著降低肾脏的真菌负荷。Yck2-IN-1 在抗真菌感染研究中展现出潜力。

Antifungalagent 128 (Compound 3ja) 是对抗真菌的化合物，联合使用Fluconazole时，对C. albicans菌株的MIC范围为0.5-4 μg/mL。Antifungalagent 128 可应用于抗感染研究领域。

GW461484A 是一种靶向 Candida albicans Yck2 的小分子抑制剂，IC50 为 0.11 µM，且对 C. albicans 的 MIC80 为 12.5 µM。有望应用于真菌性疾病研究，如耐药型念珠菌感染。

Reveromycin C是一种聚酮化合物，最初从链霉菌中提取，具有抗白色念珠菌的抗真菌活性，在pH 3和pH 7.4时的MIC分别为2.0和>500 μg/mL。Reveromycin C可抑制Balb/MK小鼠表皮细胞系中EGF诱导的有丝分裂原活性。它还能逆转肉瘤病毒转化的NRK大鼠肾细胞的形态（EC50=1.58 μg/mL），并抑制KB细胞和K562人慢性粒细胞白血病细胞的增殖，两者的IC50均为2.0 μg/mL。

Antifungalagent 96 (Compound WZ-2) 是一种抗真菌 (Fungal) 剂，具有优异的血脑屏障通透性和脑穿透性能。它能够有效抑制C. neoformans H99和C. albicans 0304103的生长，MIC值分别为0.016和32 μg/mL。

Antibacterialagent 203 (Compound 5h) 展示出抗细菌和抗真菌活性。该化合物对白色念珠菌 (C. albicans) 的抗真菌效果显著，最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) 为 3.90 μg/mL。此外，Antibacterialagent 203 对健康小鼠成纤维细胞 (L929) 的抗菌活性，其半数最大抑制浓度 (IC50) 为 75.96 μM。

Antibacterialagent 218 (compound d28) 是一种口服活性的甾醇24-C-甲基转移酶抑制剂，其IC50值为0.273 μM。同时，Antibacterialagent 218 对白色念珠菌SC5314表现出抗真菌活性，IC50值为0.25 μg/mL。

Fluconazole 水合物是抗真菌化合物，用于治疗和预防浅表和全身性的真菌感染。

7-oxo Staurosporine is an antibiotic originally isolated from S. platensis with diverse biological activites. It inhibits PKC, PKA, phosphorylase kinase, EGFR, and c-Src in vitro (IC50s = 9, 26, 5, 200, and 800 nM, respectively). 7-oxo Staurosporine induces cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase in human leukemia K562 cells with a minimal effective dose (MED) of 30 ng/ml. It is cytotoxic to P388 mouse leukemia cells that are resistant and susceptible to doxorubicin . 7-oxo Staurosporine inhibits growth of the mycelial, but not yeast form of C. albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, and C. lusitaniae (MICs = 3.1-25 μg/ml). It increases sphingomyelin synthesis in CHO-K1 cells when used at a concentration of 50 nM.

β-Defensin-3 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It inhibits the growth of the periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria F. nucleatum, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. salivarius, and L. casei (MICs = 12.5-100 mg/l). It also inhibits the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans. β-Defensin-3 stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes when used at a concentration of 30 μg/ml. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 5, and 20 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-3 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose.

β-Defensin-4 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It induces migration of monocytes in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 nM but does not affect migration of neutrophils and eosinophils. β-Defensin-4 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-4 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose. It also inhibits growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus with lethal concentration (LC) values of 5, 12, and 15 μM, respectively, of S. carnosus (MIC = 4.5 μg/ml), and of C. albicans with a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 7.5 μM.

2-Acetylthiophene thiosemicarbazone是一种抗菌剂，对多种革兰氏阴性菌（如大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和奇异变形杆菌）和革兰氏阳性菌（如金黄色葡萄球菌、微黄奈瑟菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌）具有抗菌活性。此外，2-[1-(2-噻吩基)亚乙基]肼基硫代甲酰胺还对多种真菌（如白色念珠菌、假丝酵母、红色毛癣菌、尖孢镰刀菌、黄曲霉和短小芽孢杆菌）具有抗菌活性。

FR901379 is an echinocandin-like antifungal lipopeptide.1 It is active against C. albicans, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. utilis, A. fumigatus, and A. niger fungi (IC50s = <0.003-1.9 μg/ml). FR901379 is protective against C. albicans infection in mice (ED50 = 1.1 mg/kg). It also reduces the number of pulmonary cysts and trophozoites in a mouse model of P. carinii infection. |1. Fujie, A., Iwamoto, T., Sato, B., et al. FR131535, a novel water-soluble echinocandin-like lipopeptide: Synthesis and biological properties. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 11(3), 399-402 (2001).

IKD-8344 is a macrocyclic dilactone originally isolated from an actinomycete species and has diverse biological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, and anthelmintic properties.1,2,3 It is cytotoxic to L5178Y murine leukemia cells (IC50 = 0.54 ng/ml).1 IKD-8344 inhibits growth of the mycelial form of C. albicans (MIC = 6.25 μg/ml) and potentiates the activity of polymyxin B against the multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacterium B. cenocepacia.2,3 It is active against T. spiralis in vitro and in vivo.1 |1. Minami, Y., Yoshida, K., Azuma, R., et al. Structure of a novel macrodiolide antibiotic IKD-8344. Tetrahedron Lett. 33(48), 7373-7376 (1992).|2. Hwang, E.I., Yun, B.S., Yeo, W.H., et al. Compound IKD-8344, a selective growth inhibitor against the mycelial form of Candida albicans, isolated from Streptomyces sp. A6792. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 15(4), 909-912 (2005).|3. Loutet, S.A., El-Halfawy, O.M., Jassem, A.N., et al. Identification of synergists that potentiate the action of polymyxin B against Burkholderia cenocepacia. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 46(4), 376-380 (2015).

Emestrin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from E. striata that has antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic activities.1,2,3,4,5 It is active against the fungi C. albicans and C. neoformans, as well as the bacteria E. coli, S. aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; IC50s = 3.94, 0.6, 2.21, 4.55, and 2.21 μg/ml, respectively).2 Emestrin is a chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist (IC50 = 5.4 μM in a radioligand binding assay using isolated human monocytes).3 Emestrin (0.1 μg/ml) induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells.4 It induces heart, thymus, and liver tissue necrosis in mice when administered at doses ranging from 18 to 30 mg/kg.5 |1. Seya, H., Nakajima, S., Kawai, K.-i., et al. Structure and absolute configuration of emestrin, a new macrocyclic epidithiodioxopiperazine from Emericella striata. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 10, 657-658 (1985).|2. Herath, H.M.T.B., Jacob, M., Wilson, A.D., et al. New secondary metabolites from bioactive extracts of the fungus Armillaria tabescens. Nat. Prod. Res. 27(17), 1562-1568 (2013).|3. Herath, K.B., Jayasuriya, H., Ondeyka, J.G., et al. Isolation and structures of novel fungal metabolites as chemokine receptor (CCR2) antagonists. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 58(11), 686-694 (2005).|4. Ueno, Y., Umemori, K., Niimi, E.-c., et al. Induction of apoptosis by T-2 toxin and other natural toxins in HL-60 human promyelotic leukemia cells. Nat. Toxins 3(3), 129-137 (1995).|5. Terao, K., Ito, E., Kawai, K.-i., et al. Experimental acute poisoning in mice induced by emestrin, a new mycotoxin isolated from Emericella species. Mycopathologia 112(2), 71-79 (1990).