sphingolipids

MK-571 sodium (L-660711 sodium salt) 是一种可口服的选择性白三烯 D4受体拮抗剂，在豚鼠和人肺膜的 Ki 分别为0.22 和 2.1 nM。

Glucocerebrosides 是一种天然产物。

Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) 是一种吡啶衍生物。在于阿尔茨海默病细胞模型中，通过 Nrf-2 HO-1 途径发挥抗氧化作用。

3-Hydroxybutyric acid (Butanoic acid) 是一种人内源性代谢物，在 I 型糖尿病中升高。它能够调节膜脂的性质。

Fumonisin B1 (Fumonisin-B1) 是一种广泛存在农作物中由黄萎镰刀菌产生的霉菌毒素，可污染农作物，会给食品安全产生巨大的危害。Fumonisin B1 在结构上是鞘氨醇和鞘氨醇类似物，通过抑制神经酰胺合酶抑制复杂鞘脂的生物合成。

Ceramide 1-phosphate 是一种具有生物活性的脂质，同时也是鞘脂的重要组成部分之一。它在细胞分化、迁移、增殖和死亡等细胞活动中发挥多重作用。

D13 is an acylhydrazone antifungal.1 It is active against C. neoformans in vitro (MIC80 = 0.06 μg ml). D13 (20 mg kg per day, p.o.) increases survival in mouse models of C. neoformans, C. albicans, or A. fumigatus infection. |1. Lazzarini, C., Haranahalli, K., Rieger, R., et al. Acylhydrazones as antifungal agents targeting the synthesis of fungal sphingolipids. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 62(5), e00156-00118 (2018).

C8 Galactosylceramide is a synthetic C8 short-chain derivative of known membrane microdomain-forming sphingolipids. It increases the amount delivered and toxicity of doxorubicin in cancerous but not non-cancerous cells when incorporated into the nanoliposomal membrane of nanoliposomal-doxorubicin. C8 Galactosylceramide induces proliferation and cytokine production by splenocytes in vitro at concentrations ranging from 100-1,000 ng ml but has no effect on natural killer T cell production in vivo. It also activates NF-κB production in C6 glioma cells when used at a concentration of 10 μM.

C18 L-threo Ceramide is a synthetic ceramide and stereoisomer of C18 ceramide that has been used for structural characterization of natural sphingolipids. It inhibits rat brain mitochondrial ceramidase (mt-CDase) with an IC50 value of 0.21 mol% (16.8 μM).

BHBM is an acylhydrazone with antifungal activity.1,2 It is active against C. neoformans in vitro (MIC80 = 1 μg/ml).2 BHBM (0.25, 1, and 4 μg/ml) inhibits the synthesis of glucosylceramide, which is essential to fungal cell division, in C. neoformans but not J774 murine macrophages.1 In vivo, BHBM (1.2 mg/kg per day) increases survival in a mouse model of C. neoformans infection. |1. Haranahalli, K., Lazzarini, C., Sun, Y., et al. SAR studies on aromatic acylhydrazone-based inhibitors of fungal sphingolipid synthesis as next-generation antifungal agents. J. Med. Chem. 62(17), 8249-8273 (2019).|2. Lazzarini, C., Haranahalli, K., Rieger, R., et al. Acylhydrazones as antifungal agents targeting the synthesis of fungal sphingolipids. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 62(5), e00156-00118 (2018).

Sphingomyelins (SMs) are bioactive sphingolipids found in mammalian cell membranes.1SMs make up 2-15% of the total organ phospholipid population but are found at higher concentrations in the brain and myelin sheaths surrounding peripheral nerves. They interact with cholesterol to control its distribution within cellular membranes and maintain cholesterol homeostasis in cells. SMs undergo hydrolysis by sphingomyelinase to form ceramides, which are sphingolipid mediators of intracellular signaling.2This product is a mixture of SMs, with variable fatty acyl chain lengths, isolated from buttermilk. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1329] 1.Slotte, J.P., and Ramstedt, B.The functional role of sphingomyelin in cell membranesEur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol.109(10)977-981(2007) 2.Shayman, J.A.SphingolipidsKidney Int.58(1)11-26(2000)

Sphingosines are long-chain base precursors of cellular sphingolipids used directly in the synthesis of ceramide, which in combination with sialic acid forms ganglioside. Sphingosine can exist in four stereoisomers, however only sphingosine occurs naturally. Compared to other sphingolipids throughout the body, which are predominantly composed of C-18 sphingosine, only central nervous system (CNS) gangliosides contain significant amounts of sphingosine. The concentration of sphingosine within mammalian brain gangliosides apparently increases with developmental maturation. Furthermore, the ratio of C-18 to C-20 sphingosine in the brain is thought to be related to some nervous system degeneration processes.

C16 Phytoceramide (t18:0/16:0) is a phytoceramide, which is a family of sphingolipids found in the intestine, kidney, and extracellular spaces of the stratum corneum of the mammalian epidermis. C16 Phytoceramide (t18:0/16:0) is composed of a phytosphingosine backbone amine-linked to a C16 fatty acid chain. The levels of C16 phytoceramide (t18:0/16:0) increase following heat stress in S. cerevisiae. It has been used with other ceramides to create stratum corneum substitutes to study percutaneous penetration and psoriasis in vitro.

C24 Phytosphingosine (t18:0/24:0) is a phytoceramide, which is a family of sphingolipids found in the intestine, kidney, and extracellular spaces of the stratum corneum of the mammalian epidermis. C24 Phytosphingosine (t18:0/24:0) is composed of a phytosphingosine backbone amine-linked to a C24 fatty acid chain. It has been used with other ceramides to create stratum corneum substitutes to study percutaneous penetration and psoriasis in vitro. In a stratum corneum model of healthy skin, the incorporation of long-chain-containing phytoceramides, such as C24 phytosphingosine (t18:0/24:0), increases permeability of the membrane in comparison with incorporation of dihydroceramides.

Pyridoxal hydrochloride 是内源性代谢产物的一种。

Nervonic acid (Selacholeic acid) 是在髓磷脂生物合成中很重要的单不饱和脂肪酸。

Sphingosine (d17:1) (C17 Sphingosine)是一种存在于人类皮肤中的17碳鞘脂，可被鞘氨醇激酶的磷酸化。Sphingosine C-17作为内标可用于进行鞘脂类化合物的光谱分析。

Ganglioside GM1 是中枢神经系统 （CNS） 细胞表面的主要鞘糖脂 （GSL） 之一，对中枢神经系统具有保护作用，用于研究神经系统疾病。Ganglioside GM1 通过其寡糖在野生型和肌萎缩侧索硬化症运动神经元中发挥对谷氨酸兴奋性毒性的保护作用。

3β,5α,6β-Trihydroxycholanic acid, a metabolite derived from 5α,6β-dihydroxycholestanol, exhibits elevated levels in dried blood spots of patients diagnosed with Niemann-Pick disease type C, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol and sphingolipids in lysosomes.

Sphingosine (d16:1), an unconventional sphingolipid, is synthesized through enzymatic reactions starting with the condensation of myristoyl-CoA and serine by serine palmitoyltransferase long-chain base subunit 3 (SPTLC3), which shows a preference for myristoyl-CoA. This compound is found in minute quantities in its free form in human plasma and as a component of various plasma sphingolipids, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate, ceramides, sphingomyelins, and in brain cerebrosides, albeit at lower concentrations than the more common d18:1 sphingoid base. Sphingosine (d16:1) acts as an inhibitor of PKC in mixed micelle assays and diminishes superoxide production triggered by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in isolated human neutrophils, as well as inhibiting the growth of CHO cells with IC50 values of 1 and 3.2 µM, respectively. Additionally, the concentration of sphingolipids containing sphingosine (d16:1) in the plasma is linked to the dietary consumption of saturated fatty acids and protein among ethnic Chinese populations.

3-Keto Sphinganine (d12:0) is a short-chain analog of 3-keto sphinganine (d18:0), which typically possesses a C18 chain length. The latter is a lyso-sphingolipid synthesized through the condensation of L-serine and palmitoyl-CoA mediated by the enzyme serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT). A deficiency in Vitamin K deactivates SPT, leading to a reduced synthesis of 3-keto sphinganine among other sphingolipids. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1893]

1-Deoxysphingosine (m18:1(14Z)) is an unconventional sphingolipid featuring a (14Z) double bond at the n-4 position, synthesized when serine palmitoyltransferase combines palmitoyl-CoA with alanine, not serine, during sphingolipid production. Unlike typical sphingolipids, it lacks the essential C1-hydroxyl group for standard degradation but undergoes metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) subfamilies CYP4A and CYP4F in MEF cells.

Pyridoxine-d2 HCl 是 Pyridoxine HCl 的氘代化合物。Pyridoxine HCl 的 CAS 号为 58-56-0。Pyridoxine hydrochloride 是一种吡啶衍生物。在于阿尔茨海默病细胞模型中，通过Nrf-2 HO-1 途径发挥抗氧化作用。