rna viruses

Aristeromycin (U 99468) 是一种靶向RNA病毒且具有广谱抗病毒作用的抗生素，是S-腺苷同型半胱氨酸水解酶 (AHCY) 抑制剂。

LJ-001 显示出对几乎所有包膜 RNA 和 DNA 病毒的广谱活性。 LJ001 抑制传染性胃肠炎病毒 (TGEV) 和猪 delta 冠状病毒 (PDCoV) 的感染。

Moroxydine hydrochloride (ABOB hydrochloride) 是一种合成的杂环双胍类抗病毒药物。 它具有抗病毒活性，有助于预防和治疗流感。

Umifenovir hydrochloride (Arbidol HCl) 是一种口服有效的广谱抗病毒药物，对多种包膜和非包膜病毒均有活性。它被用作抗流感病毒剂，可通过阻断病毒与宿主细胞膜的融合来抑制包膜病毒的细胞侵袭。它是一种 SARS-CoV-2 抑制剂，具有抗炎活性。

Lactimidomycin, isolated from Streptomyces, is an inhibitor of eukaryotic translation elongation. It is also a potent and non-toxic inhibitor of dengue virus 2 and other RNA viruses. Lactimidomycin has an antiproliferative effect on tumor cell lines. It i

Remdesivir (GS-5734) 是一种核苷类似物，一种广谱的抗病毒化合物，通过抑制病毒的 RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶发挥活性。Remdesivir 对埃博拉病毒、SARS 病毒、MERS病毒等均有活性，对 COVID-19 有潜在治疗价值。

Galidesivir is a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) inhibitor and broad spectrum antiviral nucleotide.In vitro, galidesivir displays antiviral activity against a range of RNA viruses, including bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, and flaviviruses (EC50values range from 3 μM to >100 μM). Galidesivir protects against Ebola and Marburg viral infection in animal models.

Ribavirin (Tribavirin) 是一种合成的呋喃核苷类似物，一种抗病毒剂。Ribavirin 具有抗丙型肝炎病毒和其他 RNA 病毒的活性。

Mycophenolic acid (Mycophenolate) 是一种有效的非竞争性肌苷单磷酸脱氢酶 (IMPDH) 抑制剂，EC50为 0.24 µM。它对多种 RNA 病毒具有抗病毒作用。它也是一种免疫抑制剂，具有抗血管生成和抗肿瘤作用。

KIN101 (3-(4-Bromophenyl)-7-[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]-4-oxo-4H-chromene) 是 IRF-3 依赖性信号传导的异黄酮激动剂，可诱导 IRF-3 核易位。 它对 RNA 病毒、HCV 和 RSV 具有抗病毒活性。

RdRP-IN-8 (compound 45) 为针对流感病毒的抑制剂。该化合物通过阻断 PA 与 PB1 亚基间的异二聚化，有效抑制病毒 RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶 (RdRP) 的活性，具有显著的抑制效果 (IC50=0.13 μM)。

ATV03 是一种高效的抗流感化合物，对甲型及乙型流感病毒均具显著活性。该化合物能够抑制甲型 (H3N2) 和乙型流感病毒，其 EC50 值分别达到 0.78 nM 和 2.02 nM。ATV03 的抗病毒机制主要通过抑制聚合酶酸性蛋白 (PA) 与 RNA 依赖性 RNA 聚合酶 (RdRp) 并破坏核蛋白来实现。

MDL-860 是广谱抗小核糖核酸病毒的化合物，具有较低的人体细胞毒性，可用于病毒感染研究。

TSWV-IN-2 (Compound Z9) 是一种针对番茄斑萎病毒 (TSWV) N 蛋白的抑制剂，其对TSWV的EC50为65.3 μg/mL。TSWV-IN-2 具有广谱抗植物病毒活性，能够靶向TSWV N蛋白，干扰其与 RNA 的凝聚物形成，从而抑制病毒核糖核蛋白的复制。

AAK1-IN-7 (Compound 16) 是一种双重抑制剂，针对AAK1和GAK的EC50值分别为40 nM和80 nM。它能够抑制AP2-µ2亚基T156位的磷酸化，但对RNA病毒的抗病毒活性较弱。

Nsp12-IN-2 (Compound 8)，作为4'-thiouridine 的三磷酸代谢产物，是一种有效的SARS-CoV-2 Nsp12抑制剂。它能够抑制 SARS-CoV-2 Nsp12-Nsp7-Nsp8 复合物的RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶 (RdRp) 活性，进而终止RNA合成，并阻止Nsp9的RNA化和NMP化过程。Nsp12-IN-2 在SARS-CoV-2、其他冠状病毒以及其他RNA病毒引起的感染研究中展现出潜力。

Aranotin 是一种从金黄色蜘蛛中分离的真菌毒素，具有对抗脊髓灰质炎病毒、柯萨奇病毒、犀牛和副流感病毒等 RNA 病毒的活性。Aranotin 通过阻碍 RNA 依赖性RNA 聚合酶的活性来抑制病毒RNA 的合成。

NHC-triphosphate triammonium is an active phosphorylated intracellular metabolite of β-d-N4-Hydroxycytidine (NHC) as a triphosphate form[1]. NHC-triphosphate triammonium is a weak alternative substrate for the viral polymerase and can be incorporated into HCV replicon RNA[1][2]. In an intracellular metabolism assay, HCV replicon cells are treated with 10 μM 3H-labeled NHC, and intracellular nucleotide levels are determined after 1, 2 and 8 hours incubations. NHC is rapidly convered into the mono-, di-, and triphosphate forms, and NHC-TP reaches up to 71.12 pM after 8 hours[1].NHC-triphosphate triammonium (NHC-TP) (5-40 μM) absence leads to full-length polymerization products, it can be a weak alternative substrate. In addition, incorporation of NHC-TP instead of CTP increases the molecular weight of the polymerization product by 16 (one extra oxygen) for each event and an obvious electrophoretic shift is observed in cell-free HCV NS5B polymerization reactions[1].Huh-7 cells are incubated with (10-50 μM; 4 h) NHC or a McGuigan phosphoramidate prodrug of NHC. Intracellular levels of the parental compounds and phosphorylated metabolites are measured using LC-MS/MS. Small amounts of NHC-monophosphate (MP) and NHC-diphosphate (DP) can be observed, while NHC-triphosphate triammonium remains the most abundant metabolite[2].NHC-triphosphate triammonium (NHC-TP) metabolite may directly target the viral polymerase and behave as a nonobligate chain terminator. It plays a prominent role in inhibiting early negative-strand RNA synthesis, either through chain termination or mutagenesis, which may in turn interfere with correct replicase complex formation. [1]. Stuyver LJ,et al. Ribonucleoside analogue that blocks replication of bovine viral diarrhea and hepatitis C viruses in culture.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Jan;47(1):244-54. [2]. Maryam Ehteshami, et al. Characterization of β-d- N4-Hydroxycytidine as a Novel Inhibitor of Chikungunya Virus.

Ribavirin-13C5is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of ribavirin by GC- or LC-MS. Ribavirin is an antiviral guanosine nucleoside analog.1,2Upon entry into cells, ribavirin is metabolized to an active triphosphate form that induces viral RNA chain termination and inhibits viral polymerases. It reduces replication in a panel of seven RNA and four DNA viruses in Vero cells (EC50s = 2-95 μg/ml).3Ribavirin also reduces replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Vero cells (EC50= 109.5 μM).4Aerosol administration of ribavirin (30 mg/kg) reduces mortality in a mouse model of influenza A infection.5Formulations containing ribavirin have been used in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and viral hemorrhagic fevers. 1.Gilbert, B.E., and Knight, V.Biochemistry and clinical applications of ribavirinAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.30(2)201-205(1986) 2.Gordon, C.J., Tchesnokov, E.P., Woolner, E., et al.Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potencyJ. Biol. Chem.295(20)6785-6797(2020) 3.Kirsi, J.J., North, J.A., McKernan, P.A., et al.Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of 2-β-D-ribofuranosylselenazole-4-carboxamide, a new antiviral agentAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.24(3)353-361(1983) 4.Wang, M., Cao, R., Zhang, L., et al.Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitroCell Res.30(3)269-271(2020) 5.Wilson, S.Z., Knight, V., Wyde, P.R., et al.Amantadine and ribavirin aerosol treatment of influenza A and B infection in miceAntimicrob. Agents Chemother.17(4)642-648(1980)

Mycophenolic acid sodium is a potent uncompetitive inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), exhibiting an EC50 of 0.24 μM. It has broad antiviral activity against RNA viruses, including influenza. Additionally, mycophenolic acid sodium possesses immunosuppressive properties and exerts antiangiogenic and antitumor effects [1][2].

PI4KIIIbeta-IN-11 是一种 PI4KIIIβ 抑制剂 (平均 pIC50=9.1)，能够用于研究 RNA 病毒和恶性疟原虫引起的疾病。

Pinafide is a rodenticide and anti-protozoal agent. Pinafide shows strong cytostatic activity against both HeLa and KB cells and is moderately toxic to both mice and rats. It has been proved active against experimental tumors and shown to be inhibitor of two DNA viruses. Pinafide blocks cell growth by inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis. It has been shown to bind to double-helical DNA by intercalation. Pinafide inhibited the activity of M. tuberculosis NAD⁺-dependent DNA ligase A at concentrations of 50 uM. At the chemical screening was found that pinafide inhibited B-Myb transcriptional activity in luciferase assays. The cross placental-barrier studies showed that 3H-pinafide was present in the 14-day fetuses.

Favipiravir sodium is a selective inhibitor of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase with activity against many RNA viruses, influenza viruses, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus as well as other flaviviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses and alphaviruses.

BMS-824 is a potent NS5A inhibitor. The 50% inhibition of HCV replicon replication for BMS-824 was approximately 5 nM, with a therapeutic index of >10,000. BMS-824 showed good specificity for HCV, as it was not active against several other RNA and DNA viruses.