poisoning

3,5-Dimethoxyphenol (Phloroglucinol dimethyl ether) 是一种存在于人类食用红豆杉的叶子中的毒素代谢物。

Anisodamine (6-beta-Hydroxyhyoscyamine) 是毒蕈碱和烟碱胆碱受体的拮抗剂，对毒蕈碱受体的亲和力与东莨菪碱和阿托品相似。 Anisodamine 改善休克状态下的微循环，可用于有机磷中毒的研究。

HBED (CHELII) 是一种铁螯合剂，可用于治疗慢性铁过载和急性铁中毒的研究。

Norathiol (N-methyl-N-dithiocarboxyglucamine) 是一种镉中毒解毒剂，也是一种金属螯合剂，可促进 109Cd 的排泄，可以用于治疗镉中毒。

Methylene Blue trihydrate (Basic blue 9) 是鸟苷酸环化酶，单胺氧化酶 A 和 NO 合酶抑制剂。它是血管加压药，在医疗中通常用作染料。它具有抗伤害感受，抗疟疾，抗抑郁和抗焦虑作用，可用于高铁血红蛋白血症，神经退行性疾病和异环磷酰胺引起的脑病的研究。

Fomepizole (4-Methylpyrazole) 是细胞色素 P450 (CYP2E1) 抑制剂。它是乙醇脱氢酶 (alcohol dehydrogenase) 竞争性抑制剂。它能够阻断甲醇和乙二醇进一步转化为有毒代谢产物。它具有成为乙二醇或甲醇中毒的解毒剂的潜力。

Pralidoxime Chloride (2-PAM chloride) 是一种肟类化合物，对中毒乙酰胆碱酯酶具有恢复作用，可用于有机磷中毒的研究。

Bemegride (3-Ethyl-3-methylglutarimide) 是一种中枢神经系统兴奋剂和巴比妥类中毒的解毒剂。

Sucrose octaacetate 是蔗糖的乙酰化衍生物，具有强烈的苦味，可用作苦味替代品。它可用作食品添加剂，还可用作粘合剂和增塑剂。它也可用作软模板，以合成聚苯胺纳米纤维。它还用于许多农药，杀虫剂和其他有毒产品中，以防止意外中毒。

Edetate calcium disodium(EDTA calcium disodium) 是一种螯合剂，主要用于治疗严重的铅中毒。

Thiamine monochloride (Vitamin B1) 是人体必不可少的维生素，具有促红细胞生成、调节血糖、抗氧化和调节情绪的作用。Thiamine monochloride 抑制铅引起的脂质过氧化反应，从而防止铅中毒。Thiamine monochloride 在摄入食物的细胞产生能量中起重要作用，并能增强正常的神经元活性。

Obidoxime dichloride 是一种有机磷中毒的解毒剂，可增强 phosphamidon 对离体工作大鼠心脏的正性肌力作用。

Rebeccamycin is an antitumor antibiotic+ inhibits DNA topoisomerase I. Rebeccamycin appears to exert its primary antineoplastic effect by poisoning topoisomerase I. It also has a negligible effect on protein kinase C and topoisomerase II.

L-Penicillamine is a medication primarily. It is used for the treatment of Wilson's disease. It is also used for people with kidney stones who have high urine cystine levels, rheumatoid arthritis, copper poisoning, and lead poisoning.

MiADMSA（Monoisoamyl DMSA），一种亲脂性螯合剂，已显示出成为未来治疗砷及其他几种重金属（如铅、汞、镉和砷化镓）螯合剂 解毒剂的潜力。它能缓解钠钨酸引起的氧化应激，并改善慢性铜中毒在Sprague Dawley大鼠所引起的肝脏及免疫系统变化。此外，MiADMSA还能保护人类角质形成细胞‘HaCaT’免受砷引起的氧化应激。

Trimedoxime 是一种胆碱酯酶活化剂，常用作烷基磷中毒的解毒剂。

UNBS3157是一种新型的非血液毒性萘酰亚胺衍生物，具有强大的抗肿瘤活性，能够通过DNA插入作用和毒化拓扑异构酶IIalpha来与DNA结合。与之相关的萘酰亚胺类化合物Amonafide在二期乳腺癌试验中表现出了活性，但由于限制剂量的骨髓毒性，目前尚未进入三期临床试验。相比之下，UNBS3157的最大耐受剂量比Amonafide高出3-4倍，并且在显示出显著抗肿瘤效果的剂量下未引起小鼠的血液毒性。此外，在活体内模型中，包括(i) L1210鼠白血病、(ii) MXT-HI鼠乳腺腺癌、以及(iii)人类A549非小细胞肺癌和BxPC3胰腺癌原位模型中，UNBS3157显示出优于Amonafide的效果。

Sodium Thiosulfate主要用于治疗氰化物中毒、癣病和花斑癣，并可用于缓解某些血液透析和化疗的副作用。

Sulfanegen 是 3-mercaptopyruvate 的前药及氰化物解毒剂。其作用机制为将有毒的氰化物转化为相对无毒的物质。在小鼠氰化物中毒模型中，Sulfanegen 不论是单独使用或与 Cobinamide 联合使用，均显示解毒效果。

Pralidoxime Iodide, also named 2-PAM, is an antidote approved for reactivation of inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in organophosphate poisoning.

N-Monoacetylcystine is a paracetamol poisoning antidote. It is used in the treatment of influenza A virus pandemic.

Hgg 12 is used to treat organophosphorus poisoning.

Emestrin is a mycotoxin originally isolated from E. striata that has antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic activities.1,2,3,4,5 It is active against the fungi C. albicans and C. neoformans, as well as the bacteria E. coli, S. aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA; IC50s = 3.94, 0.6, 2.21, 4.55, and 2.21 μg ml, respectively).2 Emestrin is a chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist (IC50 = 5.4 μM in a radioligand binding assay using isolated human monocytes).3 Emestrin (0.1 μg ml) induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells.4 It induces heart, thymus, and liver tissue necrosis in mice when administered at doses ranging from 18 to 30 mg kg.5 |1. Seya, H., Nakajima, S., Kawai, K.-i., et al. Structure and absolute configuration of emestrin, a new macrocyclic epidithiodioxopiperazine from Emericella striata. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 10, 657-658 (1985).|2. Herath, H.M.T.B., Jacob, M., Wilson, A.D., et al. New secondary metabolites from bioactive extracts of the fungus Armillaria tabescens. Nat. Prod. Res. 27(17), 1562-1568 (2013).|3. Herath, K.B., Jayasuriya, H., Ondeyka, J.G., et al. Isolation and structures of novel fungal metabolites as chemokine receptor (CCR2) antagonists. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 58(11), 686-694 (2005).|4. Ueno, Y., Umemori, K., Niimi, E.-c., et al. Induction of apoptosis by T-2 toxin and other natural toxins in HL-60 human promyelotic leukemia cells. Nat. Toxins 3(3), 129-137 (1995).|5. Terao, K., Ito, E., Kawai, K.-i., et al. Experimental acute poisoning in mice induced by emestrin, a new mycotoxin isolated from Emericella species. Mycopathologia 112(2), 71-79 (1990).

Brevetoxin B is a polyketide neurotoxin produced by Karenia species and other dinoflagellates. It binds to site 5 on the alpha subunit of voltage-gated sodium channels (IC50 = 15 nM) on neurons at the neuromuscular junction, causing the channel to open irreversibly at potentials more negative than normal, discharging action potentials repetitively. Brevetoxin B is ichthyotoxic at nanomolar concentrations and is responsible for an illness described as neurotoxic shellfish poisoning.