phorbol

Phorbol 13-acetate 是一种天然产物，可用于生命科学领域的相关研究。其产品编号为 TN4768，CAS号为 32752-29-7。

Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (Phorbol dibutyrate) 是一种 PKC 激活剂,以浓度依赖性方式抑制α1-肾上腺素受体介导的正性肌力作用,诱导的孤立兔血管平滑肌收缩。

Phorbol (4β-Phorbol) 是具有毒性的二萜类化合物，其酯类具有强大的生物活性。

4-Deoxy-4α-phorbol 是在 E. desmondi 中发现的一种四环二萜类物质。4-Deoxy-4α-phorbol 可用于半合成 HIV-1诱导的 MT-4 细胞的细胞病理学效应抑制剂和 4α-山梨醇酯。

Phorbol12-tiglate为Phorbol衍生物，后者乃巴豆油水解产物，可激活蛋白激酶C，进而促进肿瘤发展。Phorbol及其衍生物在生物医学领域，广泛用于建立致癌模型研究。

(Rac)-Phorbol-12-(2-methylbutyrate)为从巴豆油中分离所得的天然化合物。

4α-Phorbol 是 PKC 激活剂 12-myristate 13-acetate 的衍生物。能在离体小鼠骨髓成红细胞中诱导染色体损伤。

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate（PMA）是一种佛波酯类天然产物，可作为PKC、SphK和NF-κB的激活剂，常用于诱导THP-1细胞分化及构建皮炎模型。

4alpha-PDD activates transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels and is inactive for signaling through PKC.

The compound is extracted from Croton tiglium dried fruit.

12-Deoxyphorbol 13-palmitate，这是一种从Euphorbia fischeriana根部提取的抗肿瘤中药单体。该化合物能够调节细胞周期的关键调控分子（例如cyclin B、cyclin A和CDC2），从而诱导胃癌细胞的周期阻滞及细胞凋亡（apoptosis）。此外，12-Deoxyphorbol 13-palmitate通过作用于APOL2，能有效抑制APOL2–SERCA2–PERK–HES1的信号通路，进而减缓肝纤维化的进程。

Prostratin(12-Deoxyphorbol-13-acetate，13-O-乙酰基-12-脱氧佛波醇)是一种具有口服活性的蛋白激酶C（PKC）激活剂，Ki值为12.5 nM。作为一种NF-κB激活剂，Prostratin可激活T细胞中HIV基因的表达。Prostratin能抑制急性髓系白血病（AML）细胞系的生长，并增强阿糖胞苷诱导的AML细胞分化。此外，Prostratin诱导KRAS磷酸化并抑制KRAS突变的肿瘤生长。

ER272 is a natural PKC activator, inducing hippocampal neurogenesis.

Platycodin D 是从桔梗中分离得到的一种皂苷类天然产物，是AMPKα的激活剂，具有抗肥胖活性。它可刺激 TNF-α 合成或抑制 TNF-α mRNA 的降解。

Tigilanol tiglate is a phorbol ester and acts as a protein kinase C regulator along with other related compounds.

Gliovirin is a fungal metabolite that has been found inT. harzianumand has fungicidal, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities.1It is active against the plant pathogenic fungusP. ultimum(MIC = 60 ng/ml) and the parasiteT. brucei brucei(IC50= 90 ng/ml), but has no effect on the plant pathogenic fungiR. solani,P. omnivorum,T. basicola,R. arrhizus, andV. dahliaeor the bacteriaB. thuringiensis,P. fluorescens, andX. malvacearumwhen used at concentrations up to 1,000 ng/ml.2,3Gliovirin decreases phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA)- and ionomycin-induced increased expression of COX-2 (IC50= 1 μM) and protein levels of IL-2 in Jurkat cells (IC50= 5.2 μM).1 1.Rether, J., Serwe, A., Anke, T., et al.Inhibition of inducible tumor necrosis factor-α expression by the fungal epipolythiodiketopiperazine gliovirinBiol. Chem.388(6)627-637(2007) 2.Howell, C.R., and Stipanovic, R.D.Gliovirin, a new antibiotic from Gliocladium virens, and its role in the biological control of Pythium ultimumCan. J. Microbiol.29(3)321-324(1983) 3.Iwatsuki, M., Otoguro, K., Ishiyama, A., et al.In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of 12 low-molecular-weight antibiotics and observations of structure/activity relationshipsJ. Antibiot. (Tokyo)63(10)619-622(2010)

C2 L-threo Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid and cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides. It stimulates cholesterol efflux in CHO cells expressing the human ABCA1 receptor when used at a concentration of 10 μM, however, this efflux is 50% less than that stimulated by C2 ceramide . C2 L-threo Ceramide inhibits IL-4 production by 17% in EL4 T cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate when used at a concentration of 10 μM. It also induces cell cycle arrest in the G0 G1 phase and a 7-fold increase in sphingosine accumulation as well as inhibits growth of HL-60 leukemia cells.

2-chloro Palmitic acid is a monochlorinated form of palmitic acid . It is produced in a myeloperoxidase (MPO) and time-dependent manner in neutrophils stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate . 2-chloro Palmitic acid (10 μM) induces neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation (NETosis) in human neutrophils, increasing DNA release from neutrophils, colocalization of MPO with extracellular DNA (ecDNA), and trapping of E. coli. It increases COX-2 protein levels in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) when used at a concentration of 50 μM and increases production of P-selectin, von Willebrand factor, and angiopoietin-2 in HCAECs, as well as neutrophil and platelet adherence, when used at a concentration of 10 μM. 2-chloro Palmitic acid (10-50 μM) also induces apoptosis in THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes and increases caspase-3 activity in THP-1 cells.

5-Chlorouracil is a chlorinated derivative of the pyrimidine nucleoside base uracil . In vivo, it is converted into chlorodeoxyuridine, which is mutagenic and genotoxic.1 Uracil is chlorinated at the 5 position in a cell-free myeloperoxidase, peroxide, and chloride system in which hypochlorous acid is formed.2 5-Chlorouracil has been found in human neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in vitro and in inflammatory human exudate isolated from sites of superficial infection. Levels of 5-chlorouracil are increased in exudate isolated from the site of inflammation in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation and in patient-derived human atherosclerotic aortic tissue.3,4References 5-Chlorouracil is a chlorinated derivative of the pyrimidine nucleoside base uracil . In vivo, it is converted into chlorodeoxyuridine, which is mutagenic and genotoxic.1 Uracil is chlorinated at the 5 position in a cell-free myeloperoxidase, peroxide, and chloride system in which hypochlorous acid is formed.2 5-Chlorouracil has been found in human neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in vitro and in inflammatory human exudate isolated from sites of superficial infection. Levels of 5-chlorouracil are increased in exudate isolated from the site of inflammation in a rat model of carrageenan-induced inflammation and in patient-derived human atherosclerotic aortic tissue.3,4 References

C6 L-threo Ceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid and cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides., C6 L-threo Ceramide is cytotoxic to U937 cells in vitro (IC50 = 18 μM). It is metabolically inactive and, unlike C6 L-erythro ceramide , C6 L-threo ceramide cannot be converted to C6 glucosylceramide by ceramide glucosyltransferase. C6 L-threo Ceramide enhances IL-4 production induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in EL4 T cells when used at a concentration of 10 μM.

Multiflorenol is a triterpene that has been found in T. kirilowii seeds.1 It inhibits in vitro activation of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) induced by the tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in a concentration-dependent manner. |1. Akihisa, T., Tokuda, H., Ichiishi, E., et al. Anti-tumor promoting effects of multiflorane-type triterpenoids and cytotoxic activity of karounidiol against human cancer cell lines. Cancer Lett. 173(1), 9-14 (2001).

2-chloro Stearic acid is a bioactive fatty acid that accumulates in primary human monocytes and neutrophils as well as murine neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate . It induces DNA release from primary human neutrophils. 2-chloro Stearic acid is toxic to C. quinquefasciatus larvae (LC50 = <1 ppm).

Lyso-globotriaosylceramide is a form of globotriaosylceramide that is lacking the fatty acyl group. It binds to Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) in the presence of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine but does not bind Stx2. It also reduces viability and aggregation of human neutrophils induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate when used at concentrations of 50 and 1 μM, respectively. Lyso-globotriaosylceramide accumulates in the brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen in a mouse model of Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. It also accumulates in the urine, kidney, and plasma of patients with Fabry disease. Lyso-globotriaosylceramide levels decrease in response to administration of the α-galactosidase inhibitor 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin in a transgenic mouse model of Fabry disease. Decreases in plasma and urine concentrations of lyso-globotriaosylceramide have been used as a biomarker for efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and other therapies in the treatment of Fabry disease.

RN-9893 is an antagonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4; IC50s = 0.42 and 0.66 μM, respectively, for the human and rat receptors).1 It is selective for TRPV4 over TRPV1, TRPV3, and TRPM8 (IC50s = 10, >30, and 30 μM, respectively). RN-9893 reduces rat TRPV4 activity induced by 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate or hypotonicity (IC50s = 0.57 and 2.1 μM, respectively, in cell free assays). |1. Wei, Z.L., Nguyen, M.T., O'Mahony, D.J., et al. Identification of orally-bioavailable antagonists of the TRPV4 ion-channel. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 25(18), 4011-4015 (2015).