pathology

PLX5622 是一种 CSF1R 抑制剂 (IC50=0.016 µM)，具体选择性、口服活性和血脑屏障通透性。PLX5622 可以引起持续和特异性的小胶质细胞的消除。

Selisistat (EX-527) 是一种去乙酰化酶 SIRT1 的抑制剂 (IC50=38 nM)，具有有效性和特异性。Selisistat 可以用于神经系统疾病如亨廷顿舞蹈病的研究。

PD146176 (NSC-168807) 是一种 15-脂氧合酶(15-LO)抑制剂，抑制兔网织红细胞 15-LO，Ki 为 197 nM，IC50 为 0.54 μM。 它通过刺激老年三重转基因小鼠的自噬来逆转认知障碍、脑淀粉样变性和 tau 病理学。

D-GsMTx4 TFA 是一种具有选择性的蜘蛛毒液肽，是一种TRPC1 6和Piezo2抑制剂，可抑制属于 Piezo 和 TRP 通道家族的阳离子可渗透的机械敏感性通道 （MSCs），阻断阳离子选择性的拉伸激活通道 （SAC），减弱溶血磷脂酰胆碱 （LPC） 诱导的星形胶质细胞毒性和小胶质细胞反应性。D-GsMTx4 TFA 在小鼠缺血 再灌注模型中预防心肌梗死，可用于鉴定兴奋性 MSC 在正常生理学和病理学中的作用。

alphaSYN-IN-NAB2 是一种神经元保护剂，是一种由 NAB2基因编码的蛋白质。NAB2 高效且具有选择性地保护多种细胞免受 α-syn 毒性。NAB2 对依赖于 E3 泛素连接酶 Rsp5 Nedd4 的内体转运具有促进作用。NAB2 确定 α-syn 生物学中的一个可活性分子节点，该节点可以纠正其潜在病理学的多个方面，包括功能失调的内体和内质网到高尔基体囊泡的运输。NAB2参与细胞分化、凋亡和应激反应等细胞过程，可用来研究癌症、神经发育和神经元活动。

BNC-1 is a modulator of amyloid pathology. BNC-1 significantly decreases amyloid burden and improves markers of synaptic integrity in well-established mouse models of amyloid deposition by promoting phosphorylation and activation of Elk-1.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are compounds formed by non-enzymatic chemical reactions following the bonding of sugars to proteins or lipids during diabetes, uremia, aging, rheumatic arthritis, and other conditions. A receptor for the AGEs (RAGE) binds certain members of this class to initiate cell signaling.[1][2] Pentosidine is a well-characterized natural AGE that is often used as a biomarker for the production of all AGEs. While pentosidine can be measured in urine, the majority of this AGE is catabolized before excretion.[3] Reference：[1]. Neeper, M., Schmidt, A.M., Brett, J., et al. Cloning and expression of a cell surface receptor for advanced glycosylation end products of proteins. The Journal of Biological Chemisty 267(21), 14998-15004 (1992).[2]. Brett, J., Schmidt, A.M., Yan, S.D., et al. Survey of the distribution of a newly characterized receptor for advanced glycation end products in tissues. American Journal of Pathology 143(6), 1699-1712 (1993).[3]. Miyata, T., Ueda, Y., Horie, K., et al. Renal catabolism of advanced glycation end products: The fate of pentosidine. Kidney International 53, 416-422 (1998).

1-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-ylphosphonic acid-linker OVA 是一种多用途染料。它在生物实验中是关键工具，能辅助研究人员观察和分析细胞结构、追踪生物分子、评估细胞功能、区分细胞类型、检测生物分子进行组织病理学研究及监测微生物，其应用广泛包括基础科学研究到临床诊断。此外，该染料也用于传统和新兴领域，如纺织品染色、功能性纺织品处理、食品着色和染料敏化太阳能电池等。

MBX-8025 is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ).1 It is greater than 750- and 2,500-fold selective for PPARδ over PPARα and PPARγ. MBX-8025 (10 mg/kg per day for eight weeks) reduces increases in fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels, and decreases insulin resistance in Alms1 mutant (foz/foz) mice fed an atherogenic diet as a model of diet-induced obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).2 It also decreases serum alanine transaminase (ALT), as well as serum and hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride, levels and reduces markers of NASH in the same model. |1. Bays, H.E., Schwartz, S., Littlejohn, T., 3rd, et al. MBX-8025, a novel peroxisome proliferator receptor-δ agonist: Lipid and other metabolic effects in dyslipidemic overweight patients treated with and without atorvastatin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96(9), 2889-2897 (2011).|2. Haczeyni, F., Wang, H., Barn, V., et al. The selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta agonist seladelpar reverses nonalcoholic steatohepatitis pathology by abrogating lipotoxicity in diabetic obese mice. Hepatol. Commun. 1(7), 663-674 (2017).

β-Amyloid (12-28) (TFA)为β-淀粉样蛋白(β1-42)的肽片段，后者是由42个氨基酸组成，构成老年斑核心的关键蛋白。β-Amyloid (12-28) (TFA)展现出聚集性质，并可能对阿尔茨海默氏病研究具有潜在价值。

MMP13-IN-5 (compound 13m) 作为具有针对性的MMP-2 MMP-13 抑制剂，显示出高效的抑制活性（IC50=3.6 μM 14.6 μM），适用于骨关节炎疼痛的研究。

IL-17A modulator-2, exhibits inhibitory properties towards IL-17A, with a pIC50 of 8.3. Its effectiveness lies in attenuating the biological effects associated with IL-17A activity. IL-17A modulator-2 finds utility in the study of diseases and disorders characterized by dysregulated IL-17A modulation, such as those involving immune dysfunction, autoimmune pathology, cancer, and neurodegenerative conditions.

Glutathione monoethyl ester 是谷胱甘肽的衍生物，可以保护运动神经元细胞 NSC-34 免受突变导致的 TDP-43 病理损害的影响。这些损害包括聚集体的减少、核清除、活性氧 (Reactive Oxygen Species) 产生以及细胞死亡的降低。

ATN-161 acetate 是一由纤连蛋白的协同区域衍生出的五肽化合物，是一种非竞争性整合素-α5 拮抗剂，具有抗肿瘤活性，可减轻 caerulein 诱导的急性胰腺炎的病理状况。 ATN-161 acetate 通过减少整合素 α5、MMP-9 和纤连蛋白表达抑制 OGD R 诱导的细胞外基质 （ECM） 沉积。

Sulfatides are endogenous sulfoglycolipids with various biological activities in the central and peripheral nervous systems, pancreas, and immune system. They are produced from the combination of ceramide and UDP-galactose in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by sulfation in the Golgi apparatus. The ceramide portion contains variable fatty acid chain lengths, which are tissue- and pathology-dependent. Sulfatides are primarily found in the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, with smaller chain lengths predominant during development and longer chain lengths predominant in mature cells. They accumulate in the lysosome of patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A deficiency. Sulfatides are also located in pancreatic β-cells and inhibit insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islet cells, suggesting a potential role in diabetes. Sulfatides can induce inflammation in glia in vitro and certain sulfatides, such as C24:1 3'-sulfo-galactosylceramide, can induce an immune response in vitro in mouse splenocytes. Sulfatides (bovine) (sodium salt) is a mixture of isolated bovine sulfatides.

NLRP3 modulators 1 (WO2017184746A1, compound 107) is a potent modulator of NLRP3, capable of agonizing or partially agonizing the activity of NLRP3. This compound proves valuable in investigating conditions, diseases, or disorders where a reduction in LRP3 activity plays a role in the pathology.

SSTR4 agonist 3 is a potent compound that activates the SSTR4 receptor. The SSTR4 receptor is highly expressed in the hippocampus and neocortex, which are regions associated with memory, learning, and Alzheimer's disease pathology. SSTR4 agonists demonstrate strong efficacy in rodent models of pain, both acute and chronic, by reducing peripheral nociception and inflammation. Considering its potential application in pain research, SSTR4 agonist 3 is of interest[1].

MMP13-IN-4（compound 13）作为MMP-13抑制剂，具备强效性和选择性，其IC50值为14.6 μM，可用于骨关节炎疼痛的研究。

UFP-803 TFA 是有效的urotensin-II receptor (UT)配体。UFP-803 TFA 具有较低的残留激动剂活性，因此它可以作为研究UT 系统在生理学和病理学中作用的重要工具。

SSTR4 agonist 4 是一种有效的SSTR4激动剂，具有用于疼痛研究的潜力。SSTR4 激动剂在与急性和慢性相关的抗外周伤害感受和抗炎活性相关疼痛的啮齿动物模型中有效。SSTR4 在海马和新皮质、记忆和学习区域以及阿尔茨海默病病理学中的表达水平相对较高。

BF-170是一种选择性的tau纤维结合剂，其EC50为221 nM。BF-170具有优越的血脑屏障穿透性，在小鼠静脉注射后2分钟脑组织中的浓度达到9.1% ID g（在30分钟后，脑内清除率为0.25% ID g），可作为阿尔茨海默病(AD)中tau蛋白病理成像的探针。在阿尔茨海默病早期阶段研究中，BF-170具有关键作用，并有潜力用于tau相关神经退行性疾病的成像研究。

Rasagiline-13C3is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of rasagiline by GC- or LC-MS. Rasagiline is an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B; IC50= 4.43 nM for the rat brain enzyme).1It is selective for MAO-B over MAO-A (IC50= 412 nM for the rat brain enzyme). It inhibits serum and NGF withdrawal-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells when used at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 μM.2Rasagiline inhibits rat brain MAO-Bin vivo(ED50= 0.1 mg kg).1It reduces cerebral edema in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury.2Rasagiline (0.1 mg kg) reduces cortical and hippocampal levels of full-length and soluble amyloid precursor protein (APP) in rats and mice. It also reduces α-synuclein-induced substantia nigral neuron loss and improves motor dysfunction in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.3Formulations containing rasagiline have been used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. 1.Youdim, M.B.H., Gross, A., and Finberg, J.P.Rasagiline [N-propargyl-1R(+)-aminoindan], a selective and potent inhibitor of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase BBrit. J. Pharmacol.132(2)500-506(2001) 2.Youdim, M.B.H., and Weinstock, M.Molecular basis of neuroprotective activities of rasagiline and the anti-Alzheimer drug TV3326 [(N-propargyl-(3R) aminoindan-5-YL)-ethyl methyl carbamate]Cell. Mol. Neurobiol.21(6)555-573(2001) 3.Kang, S.S., Ahn, E.H., Zhang, Z., et al.α-Synuclein stimulation of monoamine oxidase-B and legumain protease mediates the pathology of Parkinson's diseaseEMBO J.37(12)e98878(2018)

Q134R, a neuroprotective hydroxyquinoline derivative that suppresses nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) signaling. Q134R can across blood-brain barrier. Q134R has the potential for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and aging-related disorders research[1]. Q134R (1-10 μM) suppresses NFAT signaling, without inhibiting calcineurin activity. Q134R partially inhibits NFAT activity in primary rat astrocytes, but does not prevent calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of a non-NFAT target, either in vivo, or in vitro[1]. Q134R (4 mg kg; orally gavage; twice per day; for 7 days) treatment improves cognitive function in rodent models of AD‐like pathology[1]. [1]. Pradoldej Sompol, et al. Q134R: Small chemical compound with NFAT inhibitory properties improves behavioral performance and synapse function in mouse models of amyloid pathology. Aging Cell. 2021 Jul;20(7):e13416.

IDT is an orally active TNFα modulator. It acts by altering neutrophil infiltration, improving cognition and diminishing tau and amyloid pathology in the 3xTgAD mouse model.