okadaic acid

Okadaic acid 是一种强效的聚醚海洋毒素，在海洋软体动物的消化腺中积聚。Okadaic acid 是一种具有高效性和选择性的蛋白质磷酸酶 (PP) 抑制剂，抑制 PP1、PP2A 、PP3 、PP4 和 PP5 。Okadaic acid 激活人 HepaRG 细胞中的 Wnt β-catenin 信号传导。

Okadaic acid ammonium salt, a marine toxin, serves as an inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PP), displaying a higher affinity for PP2A (IC 50 =0.1-0.3 nM) alongside inhibitory effects on PP1 (IC 50 =15-50 nM), PP3 (IC 50 =3.7-4 nM), PP4 (IC 50 =0.1 nM), and PP5 (IC 50 =3.5 nM), but does not affect PP2C. By inhibiting PPs, this compound promotes protein phosphorylation and acts as a tumor promoter. Additionally, it is involved in inducing tau phosphorylation.

Tau-aggregation and neuroinflammation-IN-1 是一种有效的 Tau 蛋白聚集体抑制剂， 对 AcPHF6 和全长 tau 蛋白聚集体显示出显著的抑制活性。Tau-aggregation and neuroinflammation-IN-1具有抗炎活性且可减少 NO 释放。Tau-aggregation and neuroinflammation-IN-1 对 LSP 刺激的 BV2 细胞具有低细胞毒性。Tau-aggregation and neuroinflammation-IN-1 可逆转冈田酸诱导的大鼠记忆障碍。

Acanthifolicin, an okadaic acid derivative, has been shown top inhibit protein phosphatase 1 with an IC50= 20 nM (similar to that of okadaic acid at 19 nM).

α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a 13-amino acid peptide hormone produced by post-translational processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the pituitary gland, as well as in keratinocytes, astrocytes, monocytes, and gastrointestinal cells.1It is an agonist of melanocortin receptor 3 (MC3R) and MC4R that induces cAMP production in Hepa cells expressing the human receptors (EC50s = 0.16 and 56 nM, respectively).2α-MSH (100 pM) reducesS. aureuscolony formation andC. albicansgerm tube formationin vitro.3It inhibits endotoxin-, ceramide-, TNF-α-, or okadaic acid-induced activation of NF-κB in U937 cells.1α-MSH reduces IL-6- or TNF-α-induced ear edema in mice.4It also prevents the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats and increases survival in a mouse model of septic shock. Increased plasma levels of α-MSH are positively correlated with delayed disease progression and reduced death in patients with HIV.1 1.Catania, A., Airaghi, L., Colombo, G., et al.α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in normal human physiology and disease statesTrends Endocrinol. Metab.11(8)304-308(2000) 2.Miwa, H., Gantz, I., Konda, Y., et al.Structural determinants of the melanocortin peptides required for activation of melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptorsJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.273(1)367-372(1995) 3.Cutuli, M., Cristiani, S., Lipton, J.M., et al.Antimicrobial effects of a-MSH peptidesJ. Leukoc. Biol.67(2)233-239(2000) 4.Lipton, J.M., Ceriani, G., Macaluso, A., et al.Antiiinflammatory effect of the neuropeptide a-MSH in acute, chronic, and systemic inflammationAnn. N.Y. Acad. Sci.25(741)137-148(1994)

Trofinetide是一种衍生自具有神经保护作用的三肽Gly-Pro-Glu的化合物，后者是胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）的N-端序列。在10 nM的浓度下使用时，它能减少由蛋白磷酸酶抑制剂奥卡达酸在原代大鼠胚胎纹状体神经元中引起的细胞死亡。Trofinetide在一种由穿透性弹道样脑损伤引起的大鼠神经炎症模型中减少了编码IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6和E-selectin的mRNA的脑表达。在通过中脑动脉闭塞（MCAO）引起的大鼠脑损伤模型中，以30和60 mg kg的剂量给药时，它减少了皮层和纹状体梗塞区域。Trofinetide（每天100 mg kg）减少了树突棘的数量，并逆转了在fmr1- -敲除小鼠脆性X综合征模型中的社交识别和情景恐惧条件反射的缺陷，同时也减少了睾丸重量的增加。含有Trofinetide的制剂已被用于治疗Rett综合征。