nociception

Paederosidic acid methyl ester 是 ATP 敏感的 K+channel 通道激活剂，分离自 P. scandens。它通过激活脑中和脊髓水平中 ATP 敏感型 K+通道提高了痛觉阈值，表现出显著的中枢缓解疼痛活性。

Fosaprepitant dimeglumine (MK-0517) 是 Aprepitant 的前药。它是一种神经激肽 1 受体拮抗剂，可用于预防化疗引起的恶心呕吐。

A2764 dihydrochloride 是高选择性的TRESK (K2P18.1)抑制剂，对 TREK-1 和 TALK-1 有抑制作用。它相比基底 mTRESK 电流，对激活渠道更敏感 (IC50= 6.8 μM)。它可导致细胞去极化，增加细胞的兴奋性，在探索 TRESK 通道在偏头痛和痛觉中的作用中具有研究的价值。

Allopurinol (Zyloric) 是一种黄嘌呤氧化酶(XO)抑制剂，IC50=7.82±0.12 μM。

A-803467 是有效的、选择性的河豚毒素不敏感型Nav1.8 钠通道阻断剂 。它在炎症性疼痛和神经性疼痛模型中有缓解疼痛作用。它通过与 ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) 转运蛋白的相互作用，增强了传统抗癌物的化疗敏感性。

Allopurinol Sodium 是黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂，其IC50= 0.2~50 μM。它能够抗利什曼原虫，也可用于研究痛风以及高尿酸血症。

AT-121 是一种双重μ-阿片和神经肽受体部分激动剂（Kis 分别为 16.49 和 3.67 nM）。它能刺激[35S]GTPγS 与表达μ-阿片受体或神经肽受体的细胞膜结合（EC50s 分别为 19.6 和 34.7 nM）。AT-121（0.003-0.03 mg kg）能以剂量依赖的方式降低辣椒素诱导的热异感，但不会增加恒河猴的搔抓活动。在恒河猴药物自我给药试验中，AT-121 每次注射剂量为 0.3 至 10 μg kg，它缺乏强化作用（一种潜在的滥用标志），不能减少食物颗粒的强化作用。AT-121（0.01 或 0.03 毫克 千克）不会诱发恒河猴的超痛觉，超痛觉是产生耐受性的标志。AT-121 是一种安全、无成瘾性的缓解疼痛药，具有抗伤害和止痛作用。

BIMU 8 是 5-HT4 的选择性激动剂，对野生型 5HT4 受体、T3.36A 和 W6.48A 突变体 5-HT4 的 EC50 分别为 18 nM、77 nM 和 540 nM。

PMSF (Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) 是一种丝氨酸 半胱氨酸蛋白酶不可逆抑制剂，常用于制备细胞裂解物。

AT-121 hydrochloride 是一种 nociception 和 mu 阿片受体 (mu opioid receptor)的双重激动剂，Ki 值分别为 3.67 和 16.49 nM。AT-121 hydrochloride 是一种安全、无成瘾性且科缓解疼痛的化合物，具有抗伤害和止痛活性。

Seganserin 是一种非选择性5-羟色胺2-HT 受体拮抗剂，可逆转了氟西汀和喹帕嗪对黄体酮诱导的食欲亢进，抑郁和痛觉的抑制作用，逆转氟西汀和喹帕嗪诱导的抗抑郁和镇痛作用。

A-740003 (A 740003) 是一种选择性和竞争性的P2X7 受体拮抗剂，抑制大鼠和人的 P2X7 受体，IC50值分别为 18 和 40 nM。

EX-A5758是一种新型推定的小分子 nNOS-NOS1 AP 抑制剂，可抑制炎症性伤害感受和化疗引起的神经性疼痛，并与紫杉醇协同降低肿瘤细胞活力

Neuromedin U (rat) acetate 是一种 23 个氨基酸的脑肠肽。 Neuromedin U (NMU) 通过其在中枢神经系统中的同源受体 NMUR2 调节几种重要的生理功能，包括能量平衡、压力反应和伤害感受。

HS 014 acetate(207678-81-7 free base) 是一种有效的选择性黑皮质素 MC4 受体拮抗剂（克隆的人 MC4、MC1、MC3 和 MC5 受体的 Ki 值分别为 3.16、108、54.4 和 694 nM）。体内中枢给药后增加大鼠的食物摄入和小鼠的伤害感受。还抑制室旁下丘脑中 IL-1β 诱导的 Fos 表达。

Eact 是一种选择性和有效的 TMEM16A 激活剂，可直接激活感觉伤害感受器中的 TRPV1 通道，还会产生瘙痒、急性伤害感受和热过敏。

N,N-Dimethylsphingosine（N,N-二甲基鞘胺醇）是一种内源性代谢物，是一种有效的竞争性的鞘氨醇激酶（SphK）抑制剂，能够选择性地抑制鞘氨醇的磷酸化，而不影响其N-酰化。DMS在神经病理性疼痛模型中水平升高，可能通过增加 IL-1β 和 MCP-1 的释放介导机械性痛觉过敏。

A-286501 is an orally active adenosine kinase inhibitor (IC50=0.47 nM). A-286501 effectively attenuates nociception by a non-opioid, non-non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ADO, receptor mediated mechanism.

Axomadol hydrochloride has an effect on pupil diameter and nociception in healthy subjects.

Neuromedin U-23 (NMU-23) is a neuropeptide involved in diverse biological processes, including smooth muscle contraction, energy homeostasis, and nociception.1It is an agonist of neuromedin-U receptor 1 (NMUR1; EC50= 0.17 nM for the human receptor in a calcium mobilization assay using HEK293 cells) and NMUR2 (EC50= ~1.4-2 nM for arachidonic acid release in CHO cells expressing the human receptor).2,3NMU-23 (1 μM) induces contractions in isolated rat colon smooth muscle strips.4It decreases body weight and food intake and increases core body temperature in mice when administered at a dose of 36 μg/animal.5Intrathecal administration of NMU-23 decreases the mechanical pain threshold in the von Frey test in rats.6 1.Mitchell, J.D., Maguire, J.J., and Davenport, A.P.Emerging pharmacology and physiology of neuromedin U and the structurally related peptide neuromedin SBr. J. Pharmacol.158(1)87-103(2009) 2.Szekeres, P.G., Muir, A.I., Spinage, L.D., et al.Neuromedin U is a potent agonist at the orphan G protein-coupled receptor FM3J. Biol. Chem.275(27)20247-20250(2000) 3.Hosoya, M., Moriya, T., Kawamata, Y., et al.Identification and functional characterization of a novel subtype of neuromedin U receptorJ. Biol. Chem.275(38)29528-29532(2000) 4.Brighton, P.J., Wise, A., Dass, N.B., et al.Paradoxical behavior of neuromedin U in isolated smooth muscle cells and intact tissueJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.325(1)154-164(2008) 5.Peier, A., Kosinski, J., Cox-York, K., et al.The antiobesity effects of centrally administered neuromedin U and neuromedin S are mediated predominantly by the neuromedin U receptor 2 (NMUR2)Endocrinology150(7)3101-3109(2009) 6.Yu, X.H., Cao, C.Q., Mennicken, F., et al.Pro-nociceptive effects of neuromedin U in ratNeuroscience120(2)467-474(2003)

Neuromedin U (NMU) is a neuropeptide first demonstrated to drive smooth muscle contraction.1Translated as a 174 amino acid propeptide, NMU is cleaved to different lengths in different animals. It has diverse receptor-mediated rolesin vivo, as it regulates feeding, vasoconstriction, nociception, and bone remodeling and contributes to obesity, cancer and septic shock.2,2NMU-25 is the active form of NMU in humans. It binds with high affinity to receptors on human left ventricle and coronary artery (KDs = 0.26 and 0.11 nM, respectively), eliciting endothelium-independent vasoconstriction.3NMU-25 also suppresses glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in human islets, and this effect is lost in NMU R165W mutants, resulting in early-onset obesity.4 1.Mitchell, J.D., Maguire, J.J., and Davenport, A.P.Emerging pharmacology and physiology of neuromedin U and the structurally related peptide neuromedin SBritish Journal of Pharmacology15887-103(2009) 2.Greenwood, H.C., Bloom, S.R., and Murphy, K.G.Peptides and their potential role in the treatment of diabetes and obesityRev.Diabet.Stud.8(3)355-368(2011) 3.Mitchell, J.D., Maguire, J.J., Kuc, R.E., et al.Expression and vasoconstrictor function of anorexigenic peptides neuromedin U-25 and S in the human cardiovascular systemCardiovascular Research81353-361(2009) 4.Alfa, R.W., Park, S., Skelly, K.R., et al.Suppression of insulin production and secretion by a decretin hormoneCell Metabolism21(2)323-333(2015)

SB-612111 is a novel and potent human opiate receptor-like orphan receptor (ORL-1) antagonist with a high affinity for hORL-1 (Ki=0.33 nM). SB-612111 exhibits selectivity for μ-, κ- and δ-receptors with Ki values of 57.6 nM, 160.5 nM and 2109 nM, respecticely. SB-612111 effectively antagonizes the pronociceptive action of Nociceptin in an acute pain model[1]. [1]. Paola F Zaratin, et al. Modification of Nociception and Morphine Tolerance by the Selective Opiate Receptor-Like Orphan Receptor Antagonist (-)-cis-1-methyl-7-[[4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl]methyl]-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-5-ol (SB-612111).J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Feb;308(2):454-61.

N(G)-Nitro-D-arginine methyl ester (D-NAME) is the less active enantiomer of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester . D-NAME was initially thought to be inactive and was often used as a negative control for L-NAME. Later studies showed that D-NAME (40 mg/kg/day in rats) can have similar but less pronounced effects as L-NAME (40 mg/kg/day in rats) in the cardiovascular system, particularly at long-term timepoints. D-NAME (3-10 µg/mouse) had no effect on nociception in mice assessed using the tail flick test.

L-AP4 (L-APB) monohydrate is a potent and specific agonist for the group III mGluRs, with EC50s of 0.13, 0.29, 1.0, 249 μM for mGlu4, mGlu8, mGlu6 and mGlu7 receptors, respectively[1][2]. L-AP4 (5-30 μg, intrathecal inhection 4-5 days) significantly increases the paw withdrawal threshold in response to application of von Frey filaments in eight nerve-ligated rats in a dose-dependent manner. Intrathecal administration of different doses of L-AP4 is not associated with any evident motor dysfunction[2].Intrathecal injection of 30 μg of L-AP4 does not significantly alter the paw withdrawal latency in these normal rats[2].Topical application of 5 to 50 μM L-AP4 to the spinal cord significantly inhibited the evoked response of neurons to touch, pressure, pinch, and von Frey filaments in a concentration-dependent fashion[2]. Animal Model: Rats.[2] [1]. Selvam C, et al. Increased Potency and Selectivity for Group III Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Agonists Binding at Dual sites. J Med Chem. 2018 Mar 8;61(5):1969-1989. [2]. Chen SR, et al. Distinct roles of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in control of nociception and dorsal horn neurons in normal and nerve-injured Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005 Jan;312(1):120-6.