mptp

MPTP hydrochloride 是 MPP+ 的前体，是一种多巴胺神经毒素，具有血脑屏障渗透性。MPTP hydrochloride 对多巴胺能神经元有毒，可以导致帕金森症，被广泛应用于帕金森动物模型的构建。

mPTP-IN-22 is a novel mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mptp) inhibitor

ER-000444793 是一种线粒体通透性转换孔开放抑制剂。它能够抑制 mPTP，IC50=2.8 μM。

Jak2-IN-7j is a selective Jak2 inhibitor which demonstrates a time-dependent knock-down of pSTAT5, which is a downstream target of Jak2.

LMPTP INHIBITOR 1 dihydrochloride 是选择性的低分子量蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶（LMPTP）抑制剂，抑制 LMPTP-A 活性的IC50为 0.8 μM。

LMPTP INHIBITOR 1 hydrochloride 是一种高选择性的低分子量蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶 (LMPTP) 抑制剂。LMPTP INHIBITOR 1 (hydrochloride) 能够抑制 LMPTP-A 的活性，IC50值为 0.8 μM。

MptpB-IN-1 是一种有效的、具有口服活性的 MptpB 抑制剂。结核分枝杆菌蛋白-酪氨酸-磷酸酶 B (MptpB) 是一种分泌的毒力因子，可破坏宿主的抗菌活性。MptpB-IN-1 可降低耐多药结核分枝杆菌的存活率和感染负担。

MptpB-IN-2（化合物20）是一种高选择性的结核分枝杆菌蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶B（MptpB）抑制剂，其对MptpB、MptpA和PTP1B的IC50值分别为0.64 μM、4.06 μM和4.14 μM。此化合物对Mtb H37Rv表现出较低的抗结核活性，MIC为64.9 μM。

AV-101 (4-Cl-KYN) 是 NMDA 受体甘氨酸位点的前药拮抗剂，具有抗抑郁活性，可减少 MPTP 猴子中左旋多巴诱导的运动障碍。

Fenlean (FLZ) 是酪氨酸激酶 Src 抑制剂，是来自Annona glabra的鳞甲酰胺的合成环状衍生物，具有细胞保护活性，在帕金森病慢性 MPTP 丙磺舒类小鼠模型中保护酪氨酸羟化酶功能。Fenlean 可以抑制线粒体中Aβ的产生，可用于研究年龄相关性黄斑变性和帕金森。

Vutiglabridin (HSG4112) 是一种新型且安全的PON2调节剂，是一个外消旋化合物。Vutiglabridin 是Glabridin 的优化结构类似物，比Glabridin 在减重效果和化学稳定性方面更加优越。Vutiglabridin 通过靶向线粒体对氧磷酶-2改善mptp 诱导的帕金森病小鼠的神经变性。Vutiglabridin 是一种治疗肥胖的临床2期药物，在PD 模型中对对线粒体PON2具有治疗作用。Vutiglabridin 渗透到大脑，结合PON2，恢复1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶(MPP*)诱导的SH-SY5Y 神经母细胞瘤细胞线粒体功能障碍。Vutiglabridin 在小鼠实验中 显著减轻了1-甲基-4苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(MPTP)诱导的PD 模型小鼠的运动障碍和多巴胺能神经元损伤。

MPP+ iodide 是一种神经毒素 MPTP 的有毒代谢物，也是一种 5-羟色胺转运体 (SERT) 的高亲和力底物。MPP+ iodide 对多巴胺能神经元有毒，可以在动物模型中导致帕金森症。

Ginkgetin 是从银杏叶中分离得到的一种双黄酮，具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、神经保护、抗真菌的作用。它也是 Wnt 信号抑制剂，IC50值为 5.92 μM。

Oroxylin A (Baicalein 6-methyl ether) 是一种有活性的黄酮，具有较强的抗癌作用。

ATP synthase inhibitor 1 是 F1 FO-ATP 合酶复合物 c 亚基的有效抑制剂，抑制线粒体通透性转换孔的开放。

hMAO-B-IN-10 (compound 7) 充当MAO-A B的抑制剂，具有IC50值分别为424.1 nM和177.9 nM。此外，该化合物在MPTP诱导的小鼠PD模型中表现出神经保护效果。

NPC26 是一种小分子线粒体干扰物，显示出抗肿瘤活性。它在CRC细胞系 (HCT-116、DLD-1和HT-29) 中表现出显著的抗增殖和细胞毒性。NPC26 能够破坏线粒体功能，导致线粒体通透性转换孔 (mPTP) 的开放和活性氧 (Reactive Oxygen Species) 的生成，进而诱导细胞死亡。此外，NPC26 可通过激活AMP活化蛋白激酶 (AMPK) 信号通路杀死CRC细胞。

Piroheptine HCl is an agent of anticholinergic that acts by inhibiting dopamine uptake and completely preventing loss of striatal dopamine in MPTP-treated mice.

LY503430 is a AMPA receptor potentiator with oral activity. LY503430 has both nootropic and neuroprotective effects, reducing brain damage caused by 6-hydroxydopamine or MPTP.

ML 23 is a melatonin analogue in the treatment and management of Parkinson's disease. ML-23 is a potential clinical candidate for the treatment of PD, and the present study has been undertaken to determine the efficacy of ML-23 in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl, 1

AMK is an active metabolite of the neurohormone melatonin .1,2,3,4It is formed from melatoninviathe metabolic intermediate AFMK that is then deformylated by catalase or formamidase.5,6AMK scavenges singlet oxygenin vitrowhen used at a concentration of 200 μM.1It inhibits the epinephrine- and arachidonic acid-induced production of prostaglandin E2and PGD2in ovine seminal vesicle microsomes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, as well as LPS-induced increases in COX-2 levels in RAW 264.7 macrophages when used at a concentration of 500 μM.2,3AMK (20 mg kg) decreases MPTP-induced increases in lipid peroxidation in the cytosol and mitochondria from substantia nigra and striatum in a mouse model of MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease.4 1.Schaefer, M., and Hardeland, R.The melatonin metabolite N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine is a potent singlet oxygen scavengerJ. Pineal Res.46(1)49-52(2009) 2.Kelly, R.W., Amato, F., and Seamark, R.F.N-acetyl-5-methoxy kynurenamine, a brain metabolite of melatonin, is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesisBiochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.121(1)372-379(1984) 3.Mayo, J.C., Sainz, R.M., Tan, D.-X., et al.Anti-inflammatory actions of melatonin and its metabolites, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK), in macrophagesJ. Neuroimmunol.165(1-2)139-149(2005) 4.Tapias, V., Escames, G., López, L.C., et al.Melatonin and its brain metabolite N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine prevent mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase induction in parkinsonian miceJ. Neurosci. Res.87(13)3002-3010(2009) 5.Tan, D.-X., Manchester, L.C., Reiter, R.J., et al.Melatonin directly scavenges hydrogen peroxide: A potentially new metabolic pathway of melatonin biotransformationFree Radic. Biol. Med.29(11)1177-1185(2000) 6.Hirata, F., Hayaishi, O., Tokuyama, T., et al.In vitro and in vivo formation of two new metabolites of melatoninJ. Biol. Chem.249(4)1311-1313(1974)

Ru360, an oxygen-bridged dinuclear ruthenium amine complex, is a selective mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor. Ru360 potently inhibits Ca2+ uptake into mitochondria with an IC50 of 0.184 nM. Ru360 binds to mitochondria with high affinity (Kd of 0.34 nM). Ru360 has antiarrhythmic and cardioprotective effects[1][2]. Ru360 permeates slowly into the cell, and specifically inhibits mitochondrial calcium uptake in intact cardiomyocytes and in isolated heart. 1 μm Ru360 is taken up by myocardial cells and accumulated in the cytosol in a biphasic manner[1]. During pelleting hypoxia, Ru360 (10 µM) significantly improves cell viability in wild type cardiomyocytes[3]. Ru360 (15-50 nmol/kg) treatment abolishes the incidence of arrhythmias and haemodynamic dysfunction elicited by reperfusion in a whole rat model. Ru360 administration partially inhibits calcium uptake, preventing mitochondria from depolarization by the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP)[1]. [1]. G de J García-Rivas, et al. Ru360, a Specific Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Inhibitor, Improves Cardiac Post-Ischaemic Functional Recovery in Rats in Vivo. Br J Pharmacol. 2006 Dec;149(7):829-37. [2]. M A Matlib, et al. Oxygen-bridged Dinuclear Ruthenium Amine Complex Specifically Inhibits Ca2+ Uptake Into Mitochondria in Vitro and in Situ in Single Cardiac Myocytes. J Biol Chem. 1998 Apr 24;273(17):10223-31. [3]. Lukas J Motloch, et al. UCP2 Modulates Cardioprotective Effects of Ru360 in Isolated Cardiomyocytes During Ischemia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2015 Aug 4;8(3):474-82.

Zonisamide-13C2,15N is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of zonisamide by GC- or LC-MS. Zonisamide is an antiepileptic agent.1 It selectively inhibits the repeated firing of sodium channels (IC50 = 2 μg ml) in mouse embryo spinal cord neurons and inhibits spontaneous channel firing when used at concentrations greater than 10 μg ml.2 In rat cerebral cortex neurons, zonisamide (1-1,000 μM) inhibits T-type calcium channels with a maximum reduction of 60% of the calcium current.3 Zonisamide inhibits H. pylori recombinant carbonic anhydrase (CA) and the human CA isoforms I, II, and V with Ki values of 218, 56, 35, and 21 nM, respectively.4,5 In mice, it has anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and pentylenetetrazole-induced maximal, but not minimal, seizures (ED50s = 19.6, 9.3, and >500 mg kg, respectively). Zonisamide (40 mg kg, p.o.) prevents MPTP-induced decreases in the levels of dopamine , but not homovanillic acid or dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid , and increases MPTP-induced decreases in the dopamine turnover rate in mouse striatum in a model of Parkinson's disease.6 Formulations containing zonisamide have been used in the treatment of partial seizures in adults with epilepsy. |1. Masuda, Y., Ishizaki, M., and Shimizu, M. Zonisamide: Pharmacology and clinical efficacy in epilepsy. CNS Drug Rev. 4(4), 341-360 (1998).|2. Rock, D.M., Macdonald, R.L., and Taylor, C.P. Blockade of sustained repetitive action potentials in cultured spinal cord neurons by zonisamide (AD 810, CI 912), a novel anticonvulsant. Epilepsy Res. 3(2), 138-143 (1989).|3. Suzuki, S., Kawakami, K., Nishimura, S., et al. Zonisamide blocks T-type calcium channel in cultured neurons of rat cerebral cortex. Epilepsy Res. 12(1), 21-27 (1992).|4. Nishimori, I., Vullo, D., Minakuchi, T., et al. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Cloning and sulfonamide inhibition studies of a carboxyterminal truncated α-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 16(8), 2182-2188 (2006).|5. De Simone, G., Di Fiore, A., Menchise, V., et al. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Zonisamide is an effective inhibitor of the cytosolic isozyme II and mitochondrial isozyme V: Solution and X-ray crystallographic studies. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 15(9), 2315-2320 (2005).|6. Yabe, H., Choudhury, M.E., Kubo, M., et al. Zonisamide increases dopamine turnover in the striatum of mice and common marmosets treated with MPTP. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 110(1), 64-68 (2009).

PAQ is a neuroprotective agent. It protects dopaminergic neurons from cell death without inhibiting glial cell proliferation in a rat midbrain culture model of Parkinson's disease when used at a concentration of 10 μM. PAQ (25 or 50 mg/kg, twice per day) prevents loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease induced by MPTP.