membrane-bound

Indophagolin 是一种有效的含有二氢吲哚的自噬抑制剂，IC50 为 140 nM。它拮抗 Gq 蛋白偶联的 P2Y4、P2Y6和 P2Y11受体。它还拮抗嘌呤能受体 P2X4 以及 P2X1 和 P2X3，IC50 分别为 2.71、2.40 和 3.49 μM。

Human membrane-bound PD-L1 polypeptide 作为抗原，可诱导生成相应的PD-L1抗体。

2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid 是内源性代谢产物的一种。

Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (十二烷基三甲基溴化铵)是一种阳离子表面活性剂，与蛋白质的疏水部分相互作用，溶解膜结合蛋白和肽，用于溶解、纯化和DNA提取。

Evans blue (C.I. 23860) 是一种突触泡谷氨酸吸收的有效抑制剂，同时也是一种AMPA kainate 受体拮抗剂。

PSMA-11 (HBED-CC-PSMA)通过与前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)的细胞外结构域结合来检测前列腺癌的复发和转移。PSMA-11常被用作正电子发射断层扫描(PET)中用作表达PSMA 的肿瘤的示踪剂，通过静脉注射镓Ga 68标记的PSMA-11，Glu-urea-Lys(Ahx)分子靶向并结合表达PSMA 的肿瘤细胞。内化后，PSMA 表达的肿瘤细胞可在PET 成像中被检测到。

Palmitic acid-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid. It comprises approximately 25% of human total plasma lipids.1 It increases protein levels of COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells when used at a concentration of 75 μM.2 Palmitic acid is involved in the acylation of proteins to anchor membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer.2,3,4,5,6 |1. Santos, M.J., López-Jurado, M., Llopis, J., et al. Influence of dietary supplementation with fish oil on plasma fatty acid composition in coronary heart disease patients. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 39(1), 52-62 (1995).|2. Lee, J.Y., Sohn, K.H., Rhee, S.H., et al. Saturated fatty acids, but not unsaturated fatty acids, induced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated through toll-like receptor 4. J. Biol. Chem. 276(20), 16683-16689 (2001).|3. Dietzen, D.J., Hastings, W.R., and Lublin, D.M. Caveolin is palmitoylated on multiple cysteine residues. Palmitoylation is not necessary for localization of caveolin to caveolae. J. Biol. Chem. 270(12), 6838-6842 (1995).|4. Robinson, L.J., and Michel, T. Mutagenesis of palmitoylation sites in endothelial nitric oxide synthase identifies a novel motif for dual acylation and subcellular targeting. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 92(25), 11776-11780 (1995).|5. Topinka, J.R., and Bredt, D.S. N-terminal palmitoylation of PSD-95 regulates association with cell membranes and interaction with K+ channel Kv1.4. Neuron 20(1), 125-134 (1998).|6. Miggin, S.M., Lawler, O.A., and Kinsella, B.T. Palmitoylation of the human prostacyclin receptor. Functional implications of palmitoylation and isoprenylation. J. Biol. Chem. 278(9), 6947-6958 (2003).

Palmitic acid-13C (C1, C2, C3, and C4 labeled) is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid is a common 16-carbon saturated fat that represents 10-20% of human dietary fat intake and comprises approximately 25 and 65% of human total plasma lipids and saturated fatty acids, respectively.1,2Acylation of palmitic acid to proteins facilitates anchoring of membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer and trafficking of intracellular proteins, promotes protein-vesicle interactions, and regulates various G protein-coupled receptor functions.1Red blood cell palmitic acid levels are increased in patients with metabolic syndrome compared to patients without metabolic syndrome and are also increased in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes compared to individuals without diabetes.3,4 1.Fatima, S., Hu, X., Gong, R.-H., et al.Palmitic acid is an intracellular signaling molecule involved in disease developmentCell. Mol. Life Sci.76(13)2547-2557(2019) 2.Santos, M.J., López-Jurado, M., Llopis, J., et al.Influence of dietary supplementation with fish oil on plasma fatty acid composition in coronary heart disease patientsAnn. Nutr. Metab.39(1)52-62(1995) 3.Yi, L.-Z., He, J., Liang, Y.-Z., et al.Plasma fatty acid metabolic profiling and biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on GC/MS and PLS-LDAFEBS Lett.580(30)6837-6845(2006) 4.Kabagambe, E.K., Tsai, M.Y., Hopkins, P.N., et al.Erythrocyte fatty acid composition and the metabolic syndrome: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute GOLDN studyClin. Chem.54(1)154-162(2008)

Palmitic acid-13C is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid-13C contains 13C at the C2 position and has been used in the study of free fatty acid incorporation into phospholipid fatty acids in soil microbes.1 Palmitic acid is a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid. It comprises approximately 25% of human total plasma lipids.2 It increases protein levels of COX-2 in RAW 264.7 cells when used at a concentration of 75 μM.3 Palmitic acid is involved in the acylation of proteins to anchor membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer.3,4,5,6,7

Alkaline phosphatase 是一种膜结合糖蛋白，在碱性条件下可催化磷酸单酯的水解。它可用于分子生物学和酶免分析。

A2ti-2 是一种亲和力较低且具有选择性的膜联蛋白 A2 S100A10 异四聚体 (A2t) 抑制剂（IC50 : 230 μM)。A2ti-2 具有抗病毒活性，可选择性破坏 A2 和 S100A10 之间的蛋白质相互作用，可防止人乳头瘤病毒 16 型 (HPV16) 感染。

ADP-Glucose (ADPG) is an immediate precursor used in the biosynthesis, by glucose addition, of storage polysaccharides in plants, green algae, and cyanobacteria, as well as structural polysaccharides in certain bacteria.[1],[2] It is used by amylose synthases or starch synthases in plastids in the production of amylose, amylopectins, starch, and other polysaccharides. ADPG is normally generated within plastids, although it can be biosynthesized in the cytoplasm of certain grasses and imported into plastids by a membrane-bound transporter.[3]

Ganglioside GM1is a monosialylated ganglioside and the prototypic ganglioside for those containing one sialic acid residue.1,2It is found in a large variety of cells, including immune cells and neurons, and is enriched in lipid rafts in the cell membrane.3It associates with growth factor receptors, including TrkA, TrkB, and the GDNF receptor complex containing Ret and GFRα, and is required for TrkA expression on the cell surface. Ganglioside GM1interacts with other proteins to increase calcium influx, affecting various calcium-dependent processes, including inducing neuronal outgrowth during differentiation. Ganglioside GM1acts as a receptor for cholera toxin, which binds to its oligosaccharide group, facilitating toxin cell entry into epithelial cells of the jejunum.4,5Similarly, it is bound by the heat-labile enterotoxin fromE. coliin the pathogenesis of traveler's diarrhea.6Ganglioside GM1gangliosidosis, characterized by a deficiency in GM1-β-galactosidase, the enzyme that degrades ganglioside GM1, leads to accumulation of the gangliosides GM1and GA1in neurons and can be fatal in infants.1Levels of ganglioside GM1are decreased in the substantia nigra pars compacta in postmortem brain from patients with Parkinson's disease.3Ganglioside GM1mixture contains a mixture of ovine ganglioside GM1molecular species with primarily C18:0 fatty acyl chain lengths, among various others. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1544] 1.Kolter, T.Ganglioside biochemistryISRN Biochem.506160(2012) 2.Mocchetti, I.Exogenous gangliosides, neuronal plasticity and repair, and the neurotrophinsCell Mol. Life Sci.62(19-20)2283-2294(2005) 3.Ledeen, R.W., and Wu, G.The multi-tasked life of GM1 ganglioside, a true factotum of natureTrends Biochem. Sci.40(7)407-418(2015) 4.Turnbull, W.B., Precious, B.L., and Homans, S.W.Dissecting the cholera toxin-ganglioside GM1 interaction by isothermal titration calorimetryJ. Am. Chem. Soc.126(4)1047-1054(2004) 5.Blank, N., Schiller, M., Krienke, S., et al.Cholera toxin binds to lipid rafts but has a limited specificity for ganglioside GM1Immunol. Cell Biol.85(5)378-382(2007) 6.Minke, W.E., Roach, C., Hol, W.G., et al.Structure-based exploration of the ganglioside GM1 binding sites of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera toxin for the discovery of receptor antagonistsBiochemistry38(18)5684-5692(1999)

5(S),6(R)-11-trans DiHETE is a C-11 double bond isomer of 5(S),6(R)-DiHETE that is formed by the enzymatic isomerization of 5(S),6(R)-DiHETE by a membrane bound factor. 5(S),6(R)-11-trans DiHETE has been found in rat kidney homogenates and is potentially formed by the epoxide hydrolase pathway in this tissue. The isomerase activity responsible for the conversion of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) to 6-trans LTB4 in rat kidney homogenates has also been implicated in its formation. 5(S),6(R)-11-trans DiHETE is not a substrate for soybean lipoxygenase. The biological activity of 5(S),6(R)-11-trans DiHETE has not been reported.

C12E8 is a nonionic surfactant formed by the ethoxylation of dodecanol, yielding a compound with eight repeated units of ethylene glycol. It can be used for solubilization of membrane-bound proteins.

ZIKV-IN-K22 is a potent antiviral agent against a broad range of coronaviruses by targeting membrane-bound viral RNA replication, effectively inhibiting ZIKV with IC50 of 2.1 μM.

Tabalumab (LY2127399) 是一种人源化的抗BAFF(B 细胞激活因子) 单克隆抗体 (IgG4 型)，对膜结合和可溶性BAFF 具有中和活性。Tabalumab 可用于自身免疫性疾病，如类风湿性关节炎、肾衰竭和系统性红斑狼疮的研究。

Levilimab (BCD-089) 是一种全人源化靶向膜结合和可溶性 IL-6 R 的人单克隆抗体，可用于研究类风湿性关节炎。

Zamaporvint (RXC004) 是一种具有选择性、口服活性和有效性的 Wnt 途径抑制剂，作用于膜结合脂肪酰转移酶 Porcupine，阻断 Wnt 配体棕榈酰化、分泌及通路活化。Zamaporvint 在多种癌细胞系中显示出抗肿瘤和抗增殖活性。

LCKLSL hydrochloride 是一种六肽化合物，也是竞争性膜联蛋白 A2（AnxA2）抑制剂，具有潜在的抗血管生成活性，抑制小鼠自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）的发展

hCAIX XII-IN-8（compound 3g）是一种对人类（碳酸酐酶）CA IX和XII高效的抑制剂，Ki值分别为8.5和6.7 nM。该化合物对与肿瘤相关的膜结合异构体hCA IX和XII表现出显著的抑制作用，且相对于胞内异构体hCA I和II具有较高的选择性。

Latartoxin-1a (LtTx-1a) 是从L. tarabaevi中分离的肽毒素，对昆虫具备麻痹及致死效果，并显示膜结合活性。

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid crucial in numerous signaling pathways, undergoes irreversible degradation by membrane-bound S1P lyase, producing (E)-2-Hexadecenal, a derivative of sphingolipid breakdown. This compound can be oxidized to (2E)-hexadecenoic acid by long-chain fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase before being activated through linkage to coenzyme A. Notably, (E)-2-Hexadecenal induces cytoskeletal reorganization, leading to cell rounding, detachment, activation of JNK pathway targets, and ultimate apoptosis in a variety of cell types. Furthermore, it readily forms aldehyde-derived DNA adducts through reactions with deoxyguanosine and DNA.

Nε-(1-Carboxymethyl)-L-lysine (CML), an advanced glycation end product (AGE), is formed through the oxidative modification of glycated proteins under conditions of oxidative stress.1,2,3 Its levels escalate with age, diabetes, cancer, vascular diseases, and various pathologies associated with oxidative stress.1,4,5 CML interacts with the membrane-bound receptor for AGEs (RAGE), initiating signaling via MAPKs and NF-κB pathways. Conversely, a truncated version of RAGE generates a soluble protein that sequesters CML, thereby diminishing this signaling.6,7