lipid x

Lipid X is a monosaccharide precursor of E coli lipid A.This compound is unstable in powder form and other related salt forms are recommended.

Triton X-100 是一种溶解脂膜的非变性洗涤剂。Triton X-100 通常用于实验室，并在生产过程的不同阶段应用于疫苗。Triton X-100 被列为某些疫苗,包括裂解病毒流感疫苗的赋形剂。Triton X-100 是一种非离子表面活性剂。

Larsucosterol ammonium salt(拉舒胆醇铵盐)是Larsucosterol(DUR-928)的盐形式和25HC3S的衍生物。Larsucosterol是一种DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂(DNMT)，是一种有效的肝 X 受体 (LXR) 拮抗剂，一种内源性硫酸氧甾醇和一种表观遗传调节剂，能够调节脂质代谢，减少炎症，治疗肝病。

Palmitic acid-13C (C1, C2, C3, and C4 labeled) is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of palmitic acid by GC- or LC-MS. Palmitic acid is a common 16-carbon saturated fat that represents 10-20% of human dietary fat intake and comprises approximately 25 and 65% of human total plasma lipids and saturated fatty acids, respectively.1,2Acylation of palmitic acid to proteins facilitates anchoring of membrane-bound proteins to the lipid bilayer and trafficking of intracellular proteins, promotes protein-vesicle interactions, and regulates various G protein-coupled receptor functions.1Red blood cell palmitic acid levels are increased in patients with metabolic syndrome compared to patients without metabolic syndrome and are also increased in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes compared to individuals without diabetes.3,4 1.Fatima, S., Hu, X., Gong, R.-H., et al.Palmitic acid is an intracellular signaling molecule involved in disease developmentCell. Mol. Life Sci.76(13)2547-2557(2019) 2.Santos, M.J., López-Jurado, M., Llopis, J., et al.Influence of dietary supplementation with fish oil on plasma fatty acid composition in coronary heart disease patientsAnn. Nutr. Metab.39(1)52-62(1995) 3.Yi, L.-Z., He, J., Liang, Y.-Z., et al.Plasma fatty acid metabolic profiling and biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on GC/MS and PLS-LDAFEBS Lett.580(30)6837-6845(2006) 4.Kabagambe, E.K., Tsai, M.Y., Hopkins, P.N., et al.Erythrocyte fatty acid composition and the metabolic syndrome: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute GOLDN studyClin. Chem.54(1)154-162(2008)

MD001 is a dual agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ.1 It binds to PPARα and PPARγ (Kds = 9.55 and 0.14 μM, respectively) but does not bind to PPARβ/δ at concentrations up to 500 μM. It increases transcriptional activity of PPARα and PPARγ in a cell-based luciferase reporter assay when used at a concentration of 10 μM. MD001 (10 μM) increases expression of PPARα, PPARγ, and retinoid X receptor (RXR), as well as PPARα and PPARγ target genes, in HepG2 cells. It increases glucose consumption as well as expression of GLUT2 and GLUT4 in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. MD001 (20 mg/kg) decreases levels of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, LDL, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in blood and reduces the size and number of hepatic lipid droplets in diabetic db/db mice.References1. Kim, S.-H., Hong, S.H., Park, Y.-J., et al. MD001, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ agonist, improves glucose and lipid metabolism. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1656 (2019). MD001 is a dual agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ.1 It binds to PPARα and PPARγ (Kds = 9.55 and 0.14 μM, respectively) but does not bind to PPARβ/δ at concentrations up to 500 μM. It increases transcriptional activity of PPARα and PPARγ in a cell-based luciferase reporter assay when used at a concentration of 10 μM. MD001 (10 μM) increases expression of PPARα, PPARγ, and retinoid X receptor (RXR), as well as PPARα and PPARγ target genes, in HepG2 cells. It increases glucose consumption as well as expression of GLUT2 and GLUT4 in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells, respectively, in a concentration-dependent manner. MD001 (20 mg/kg) decreases levels of glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, LDL, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in blood and reduces the size and number of hepatic lipid droplets in diabetic db/db mice. References1. Kim, S.-H., Hong, S.H., Park, Y.-J., et al. MD001, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ agonist, improves glucose and lipid metabolism. Sci. Rep. 9(1), 1656 (2019).

AMK is an active metabolite of the neurohormone melatonin .1,2,3,4It is formed from melatoninviathe metabolic intermediate AFMK that is then deformylated by catalase or formamidase.5,6AMK scavenges singlet oxygenin vitrowhen used at a concentration of 200 μM.1It inhibits the epinephrine- and arachidonic acid-induced production of prostaglandin E2and PGD2in ovine seminal vesicle microsomes in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, as well as LPS-induced increases in COX-2 levels in RAW 264.7 macrophages when used at a concentration of 500 μM.2,3AMK (20 mg kg) decreases MPTP-induced increases in lipid peroxidation in the cytosol and mitochondria from substantia nigra and striatum in a mouse model of MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease.4 1.Schaefer, M., and Hardeland, R.The melatonin metabolite N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine is a potent singlet oxygen scavengerJ. Pineal Res.46(1)49-52(2009) 2.Kelly, R.W., Amato, F., and Seamark, R.F.N-acetyl-5-methoxy kynurenamine, a brain metabolite of melatonin, is a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesisBiochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.121(1)372-379(1984) 3.Mayo, J.C., Sainz, R.M., Tan, D.-X., et al.Anti-inflammatory actions of melatonin and its metabolites, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK), in macrophagesJ. Neuroimmunol.165(1-2)139-149(2005) 4.Tapias, V., Escames, G., López, L.C., et al.Melatonin and its brain metabolite N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine prevent mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase induction in parkinsonian miceJ. Neurosci. Res.87(13)3002-3010(2009) 5.Tan, D.-X., Manchester, L.C., Reiter, R.J., et al.Melatonin directly scavenges hydrogen peroxide: A potentially new metabolic pathway of melatonin biotransformationFree Radic. Biol. Med.29(11)1177-1185(2000) 6.Hirata, F., Hayaishi, O., Tokuyama, T., et al.In vitro and in vivo formation of two new metabolites of melatoninJ. Biol. Chem.249(4)1311-1313(1974)

Cerebroside C is a fungal metabolite and glycosphingolipid that has been found in the rice pathogenic fungusM. grisea.1It induces production of the phytoalexin momilactone A when applied to wounded rice leaves, indicating that cerebroside C is an elicitor of the hypersensitive response in rice. Cerebroside C increases germination rate and reduces germination time in wheat seeds in a concentration-dependent manner at 4°C.2It also increases root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of wheat seedlings when used at a concentration of 20 μg/ml at 4°C, indicating increased chilling tolerance. 1.Koga, J., Yamuchi, T., Shimura, M., et al.Cerebrosides A and C, sphingolipid elicitors of hypersensitive cell death and phytoalexin accumulation in rice plantsJ. Biol. Chem.273(48)31985-31991(1998) 2.Li, H.-X., Xiao, Y., Cao, L.-L., et al.Cerebroside C increases tolerance to chilling injury and alters lipid composition in wheat rootsPLoS One8(9)e73380(2013)

DSPE-PEG(2000)-amine is a PEGylated derivative of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-PE . It has been used in the synthesis of solid lipid and thermosensitive liposomal nanoparticles for the delivery of anticancer agents.1,2,3DSPE-PEG(2000)-amine has also been used in the synthesis of fluorescein isothiocyanate-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles for imaging applications.4It can be conjugated to a variety of functional molecules for improved cellular targeting and uptake of DSPE-PEG(2000)-amine-containing nanoparticles.4,5 1.Sloat, B.R., Sandoval, M.A., Li, D., et al.In vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activities of a gemcitabine derivative carried by nanoparticlesInt. J. Pharm.409(1-2)278-288(2011) 2.Abd-Rabou, A.A., Bharali, D.J., and Mousa, S.A.Taribavirin and 5-fluorouracil-loaded pegylated-lipid nanoparticle synthesis, p38 docking, and antiproliferative effects on MCF-7 breast cancerPharm. Res.35(4)76(2018) 3.Affram, K., Udofot, O., Singh, M., et al.Smart thermosensitive liposomes for effective solid tumor therapy and in vivo imagingPLoS One12(9):e0815116(2017) 4.Wang, L.-S., Wu, L.-C., Lu, S.-Y., et al.Biofunctionalized phospholipid-capped mesoporous silica nanoshuttles for targeted drug delivery: Improved water suspensibility and decreased nonspecific protein bindingACS Nano4(8)4371-4379(2010) 5.Wen, X., Wang, K., Zhao, Z., et al.Brain-targeted delivery of trans-activating transcriptor-conjugated magnetic PLGA lipid nanoparticlesPLoS One9(9):e106652(2014)

Bile acids are essential for solubilization and transport of dietary lipids, are the major products of cholesterol catabolism, and are physiological ligands for farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a nuclear receptor that regulates genes involved in lipid metabolism.1They are also inherently cytotoxic, as physiological imbalance contributes to increased oxidative stress.2,3Bile acid-controlled signaling pathways are promising novel targets to treat such metabolic diseases as obesity, type II diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis.Guggulsterone, derived from resin of the guggul tree, is a competitive antagonist of FXR bothin vitroandin vivo.4Thecisstereoisomer of guggulsterone, (E)-guggulsterone, decreases chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA)-induced FXR activation with an IC50value of 15 μM.5,6By inhibiting CDCA-induced transactivation of FXR, guggulsterone lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rodents fed a high cholesterol diet.4 1.Makishima, M., Okamoto, A.Y., Repa, J.J., et al.Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acidsScience2841362-1365(1999) 2.Barbier, O., Torra, I.P., Sirvent, A., et al.FXR induces the UGT2B4 enzyme in hepatocytes: A potential mechanism of negative feedback control of FXR activityGastroenterology1241926-1940(2003) 3.Tan, K.P., Yang, M., and Ito, S.Activation of nuclear factor (erythroid-2 like) factor 2 by toxic bile acids provokes adaptive defense responses to enhance cell survival at the emergence of oxidative stressMol. Pharmacol.72(5)1380-1390(2007) 4.Urizar, N.L., Liverman, A.B., Dodds, D.T., et al.A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an anatagonist ligand for FXRScience296(5573)1703-1706(2002) 5.Cui, J., Huang, L., Zhao, A., et al.Guggulsterone is a farnesoid X receptor antagonist in coactivator association assays but acts to enhance transcription of bile salt export pumpThe Journal of Biological Chemisty278(12)10214-10220(2003) 6.Wu, J., Xia, C., Meier, J., et al.The hypolipidemic natural product guggulsterone acts as an antagonist of the bile acid receptorMolecular Endocrinology16(7)1590-1597(2002)

93-O17O is a chalcogen-containing cationic lipidoid.1,2It has been used in the generation of lipid nanoparticles (LPNs). LPNs containing 93-O17O localize to the spleen after intravenous injection into mice.1LPNs containing 93-O17O have been used for the delivery of Cre recombinase and ribonucleoproteins for genome editing in mice and for the intratumoral delivery of cGAMP to enhance cross-presentation of tumor antigens.3,2 1.Zhao, X., Chen, J., Qiu, M., et al.Imidazole-based synthetic lipidoids for in vivo mrna delivery into primary T lymphocytesAngew Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.59(45)20083-20089(2020) 2.Chen, J., Qiu, M., Ye, Z., et al.In situ cancer vaccination using lipidoid nanoparticlesSci. Adv.7(19)eabf1244(2021) 3.Li, Y., Yang, T., Yu, Y., et al.Combinatorial library of chalcogen-containing lipidoids for intracellular delivery of genome-editing proteinsBiomaterials178652-662(2018)

Larsucosterol trimethylamine (DUR-928 trimethylamine) 是一种有效的肝 X 受体 (LXR) 拮抗剂，可调节内源性表观遗传，减少肝细胞内的脂质积累，减弱巨噬细胞中脂多糖 （LPS） 和 TNFα 诱导的炎症反应，缓解 LPS 和对乙酰氨基酚 （ATMP） 诱导的多器官损伤。

F44-A13是一种具有口服活性、高选择性的farnesoid X receptor(FXR)拮抗剂，IC50值为1.1 μM。通过诱导CYP7A1的表达，F44-A13能够优化胆固醇代谢并降低其活性。该化合物可降低小鼠模型中的胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平。F44-A13可用于伴有脂质紊乱的代谢性疾病研究。