lichen

Vulpinic Acid (Pulvinic acid methyl ester) 是地衣代谢物，可降低人脐静脉内皮细胞 (HUVEC) 中 H2O2诱导的ROS，氧化应激和氧化应激相关损伤，可作用于厌氧菌、葡萄球菌及肠球菌。它对脉粥样硬化的研究具有潜在的价值。

Atranorin 是地衣的次生代谢产物，具有显着的抗伤害、抗炎和氧化还原活性，对 H(2)O(2) 诱导的氧化应激下的细胞具有细胞保护作用。

Orsellinic acid是一种利用Lecanoric acidy 用醇处理后得到的化合物,，抑制血小板活化因子 （PAF） 介导的神经元凋亡。

Pimecrolimus (SDZ-ASM 981) 是一种免疫亲和素配体，能与胞质受体特异性的结合。

Lichenase (endo-1,3:1,4-β-D-Glucanase) 是一种特异性内切-(1-3),(1-4)-β-D-葡聚糖 4-葡聚糖水解酶。Lichenase 溶解谷物中的 β-葡聚糖并产生低聚糖 (GOS)。Lichenase 可用于降解细胞壁中的多糖。

Lichenan, 80% 是一种在生化反应中使用的试剂。

Fumaric acid (2-Butenedioic acid) 与烟酸酶缺乏症相关，是癌症相关的内源性代谢物。

Temarotene（Ro 15-0778） 是一种具有口服活性和有效性的小分子化合物，可在体外调节人体免疫功能。Temarotene 可用于研究扁平苔藓。

Rilopirox (HOE 351) 开始一种新型抗真菌化合物，可用于研究粘膜念珠菌感染、花斑癣和脂溢性皮炎。

Usenamine A 是一种从地衣 Usnea longissima中提取到的小分子化合物，具有抗肿瘤活性，可用于研究肿瘤。

(+)-Usnic acid (D-Usnic Acid) 是地衣中的二苯并呋喃衍生物，可结合 mTOR 的 ATP 结合口袋，抑制 mTORC1 2的活性。它诱导自噬，有抗菌和抗肿瘤活性。

Povorcitinib phosphate 是一种选择性 JAK1 抑制剂，可用于治疗皮肤红斑狼疮和扁平苔藓的研究。

Salazinic Acid 是从 Lichen Hypotrachyna cirrhata 提取的化合物，具有潜在的抗氧化活性，可减轻链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病白化大鼠的雄性性功能障碍和睾丸氧化损伤。

Stictic Acid (Scopularic acid) 分离自苏门答腊地衣 Stereocaulon montagneanum，可抑制 HT-29 人结肠腺癌细胞的生长，IC50 为 29.29 μg ml。

Roccellic acid is a lichen secondary metabolite that has been found in R. montagnei and has antibacterial and anticancer activities.1,2 It is active against the bacteria S. gordonii and P. gingivalis (MIC = 46.9 μg/ml for both).1 Roccellic acid (100 μg/ml) inhibits proliferation of MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and DLD-1 cancer cells by 65.3, 75.8, and 87.9%, respectively.2 |1. Sweidan, A., Chollet-Krugler, M., Sauvager, A., et al. Antibacterial activities of natural lichen compounds against Streptococcus gordonii and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Fitoterapia 121, 164-169 (2017).|2. Mishra, T., Shukla, S., Meena, S., et al. Isolation and identification of cytotoxic compounds from a fruticose lichen Roccella montagnei, and it's in silico docking study against CDK-10. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 27(6), 724-728 (2017).

Olivetol (5-n-Amylresorcinol) 是天然多酚类化合物，存在于地衣中，或由一些昆虫产生。它竞争性地抑制大麻素受体CB1和CB2，抑制 CYP2C19 (IC50=15.3 μM;Ki=7.21 μM) 和 CYP2D6 (IC50=2.71 μM;Ki=2.87 μM) 的活性。

Galbinic acid is a depsidone lichen metabolite that has been found in U. undulata.1,2 It is active against the Gram-positive bacteria B. cereus, B. subtilis, and S. aureus, but not S. epidermidis (MICs = 62.5, 62.5, 250, and >250 μg/ml, respectively), as well as the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli, but not S. sonnei (MICs = 125 and >250 μg/ml, respectively).3 |1. Salgado, F., Albornoz, L., Cortéz, C., et al. Secondary metabolite profiling of species of the genus Usnea by UHPLC-ESI-OT-MS-MS. Molecules 23(1), E54 (2017).|2. Elix, J.A., and Engkaninan, U. The structure of galbinic acid. A depsidone from the lichen Usnea undulata. Aust. J. Chem. 28(8), 1793-1797 (1975).|3. Sultana, N., and Afolayan, A.J. A new depsidone and antibacterial activities of compounds from Usnea undulata Stirton. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 13(12), 1158-1164 (2011).

Povorcitinib is a highly potent and selective JAK1 inhibitor with significant potential for the investigation of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) and Lichen planus (LP).

Sekikaic acid is a phenolic lichen metabolite that has been found in H. obscurata and has diverse biological activities. It scavenges superoxide and DPPH radicals in cell-free assays when used at a concentration of 0.5 µM. Sekikaic acid is active against the rg recombinant strain of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; IC50 = 5.69 µg ml). It inhibits the protein-protein interaction between mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) and the GACKIX domain of CREB-binding protein (CBP; IC50 = 34 µM).

Lobaric acid is a depsidone metabolite that has been isolated from Stereocaulon lichen species with antioxidant, antiproliferative, antiviral, and enzyme inhibitory activites. It scavenges superoxide radicals in a cell-free assay (IC50 = 97.9 μmol) and inhibits proliferation in a panel of leukemia, colorectal, gastric, breast, ovarian, prostate, pancreatic, and lung cancer cell lines (EC50s = 15.2-63.9 μg ml). Lobaric acid inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B; IC50 = 0.87 μM for the human recombinant enzyme) and production of 12(S)-HETE (Item No. 34570) by 12(S)-lipoxygenase (IC50 = 28.5 μM). In vivo, lobaric acid (250 μM) decreases lesion number, but not lesion diameter, in tobacco leaves infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).

Cabenoside D（化合物 8）是从苔藓根的甲醇提取物中分离的一种三萜苷，显示出对12-O-十四烷酰基激素-13-乙酸酯（TPA）诱导的小鼠炎症的抗炎活性，并能抑制TPA促使的Epstein-Barr病毒（EBV）早期抗原（EBV-EA）激活。

4-FPBUA, 作为地衣酸的半合成类似物，既可以增强基于细胞的血脑屏障(BBB)功能，也能促进β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)在单层细胞中的转运。此外，作为mTOR的抑制剂，4-FPBUA增强细胞自噬(Autophagy)过程，有助于体内逆转BBB的损伤，目前主要用于阿尔茨海默病的相关研究。

Vulpinic and gyrophoric acids are known as ultraviolet filters for natural lichen populations, they can effectively prevent cytotoxic, apoptotic and cytoskeleton alterative activities of 2.5 J cm(2) UVB in a dose-dependent manner, suggest that vulpinic and gyrophoric acids can be promising cosmetic ingredients to photo-protect human skin cells. Gyrophoric acid also has anti-proliferative cytotoxic effect.